Lecture 4

Question 1

Archaea are ____karyotes, so they ____ have a nucleus.

Answer 1

prokaryotes, do not have a nucleus

Question 2

Rather than peptidoiglycan, Arachae have …

Answer 2

pseudopeptidoglycan

Question 3

Rather than a phospholipid bilayer for a membrane, Arachae have a phospholipid _____ that uses _____ rather than ester links, leading to ________ chains of lipids.

Answer 3

monolayer, ethers, branched chain

Question 4

Ways Archae are similar to bacteria

Answer 4

• circular genome
• has operons

Question 5

Archae similarities to eukaryotes

Answer 5

• has interons
  -RNA Polymerase has TBP, TFB
• has proteins similar to histones

Question 6

For pseudopeptidoglycan, the disaccharide uses NAG and ____.

Answer 6

NAT

Question 7

Name the two groups of Archaea discussed in class

Answer 7

• euryarchaeota
• crenarchaeota

Question 8

What is the unique lipid found in Crenarchaeota?

Answer 8

Crenarchaeol

Question 9

What is the upper temperature limit for microbial life?

Answer 9

Labs suggest 140-150 F, however it is likely higher

Question 10

Adaptations to life at high temperature include stablizing of monomers using the protective effect of ____ _____ of cytoplasmic solutes and the use of more _____-_______ molecules.

Answer 10

high concentrations, heat-stable

Question 11

Adaptations to life at high temperature include protein folding structural features that improve thermostability like _____ _______ cores and increased ______ ____ on protein surfaces.

Answer 11

highly hydrophobic cores, increased ionic interactions (salt bridges)

Question 12

What are chaperones and what do they do?

Answer 12

A class of proteins that refold partially denatured proteins

Question 13

This is a major chaperonin protein complex in Pyrodictium.

Answer 13

Thermosome

Question 14

Adaptations to life at high temperature include DNA stability by having high ______ ____ stabilize DNA and a reversed coil that introduces _____ ______ into DNA.

Answer 14

high intracellular solute levels, positive supercoils

Question 15

Adaptations to life at high temperature include DNA stability with high intracellular levels of _______ to stabilize DNA and RNA.

Answer 15

polyamines

Question 16

Adaptations to life at high temperature include DNA stability by having DNA-binding proteins called _____ that compact DNA into nucleosome-like structures.

Answer 16

histones

Question 17

Adaptations to life at high temperature include lipid stability by possessing dibiphytanyl _____ ___ _____; form a lipid monolayer membrane strucure.

Answer 17

tetraether type lipids

Question 18

Adaptations to life at high temperature include SSU ____ _____ by having a higher GC content.

Answer 18

rRNA stability

Question 19

While many Crenarchaeota prefer ___ temps, some are _______, especially in the ocean.

Answer 19

high, mesophilic (moderate temp)

Question 20

A mesophilic Crenarchaeota known as Nitrosopumilales _____ ______, fix _____.

Answer 20

oxidized ammonia, fix CO2

Question 21

Some Crenarchaeota live as psychrophilic temps and are found in ____ and _____ in _______.

Answer 21

in ice and seawater in Antartica.

Question 22

The Euryarchaeota are known as the ______.

Answer 22

Methanogens

Question 23

How many orders of Euryarchaeota?

Answer 23

5

Question 24

Euryarchaeota: Halophiles tolerate thier high salt environments by having _____ pump out H+ and _____ pump out Cl-.

Answer 24

Bacteriorhodopsin, halorhodopsin

Question 25

Some Euryarchaeota: Halophiles can move by _____.

Answer 25

phototaxis

Question 26

_______ are methanotrophs, which is the opposite of methanogenesis.

Answer 26

Archaeoglobales

Question 27

New Euryarchaeota species being discovered include...

Answer 27

- Korarchaeota - Thaumarchaeota - Nanoarchaeota

Question 28

Where would the DNA in an archaea be found?

Answer 28

nucleoid

Question 29

What pigment do some archaea use to capture light energy?

Answer 29

Bacteriorhodopsin

Question 30

What group of microbes includes the methanogens?

Answer 30

Euryarchaota

Question 31

When were arachae first described as a group?

Answer 31

1970s