What kind of parenting style is most associated with developing anxiety/depression
Anxious parenting —> controlling, overprotective, lacking in granting autonomy, high negativity and rejection, enhancing avoidance of threatening situations
T/F: attachment styles are fixed things and cannot change
False, attachment styles are stable but not fixed
What are the 4 attachment styles in children and what do they entail
- secure; greet or approach caregiver and may maintain contact but are able to return to play
- insecure/avoidant; avoid caregiver
- insecure/resistant; extremely distressed by separation and can’t be soothed at reunions —> distress/angry resistance to caregiver
- disorganized; behavior characteristics of both types of insecure attachment
How do attachment styles look in adults
- secure; high self-worth, trust others with emotions
- dismissive; view themselves as competent and worthy but don’t trust others, don’t want to bother others for help
- fearful; low self-esteem, doubt their own and others competence
- preoccupied; doubt in own competence, always seek help/validation in others
- avoidant; discomfort with intimacy, seek independence
- anxious; tend to fear rejection/abandonment
Why do we need others (6)
- attachment; security and commitment
- social integration; companionship, shared concerns/activities
- opportunity for nurturance; being needed and being responsible for someone’s well-being, also want to be nurtured
- reassurance of worth; sense of competence and value
- reliable alliance; continuing assistance
- guidance; advice and help
What is impression management
We want to belong and to have others see us belong, we present ourselves in a way that makes us look interesting
What are the 3 motivational systems
- Soothing system; manage distress and promote bonding (attachment)
- Threat system; threat detection and protection (anxiety)
- Drive system; motivate us towards recourses (status/competition)
Social status theory
Social anxiety is defensive behavior, reaction to perceived social status —> submissive behavior is safe bc it prevents interpersonal conflict
Depression is a reaction to perceived defeat
What 5 factors in social relationships are associated with anxiety/depression
- having fewer friends/daily social interactions
- teasing/bullying
- anxious modeling/social learning
- associating with other anxious individuals
- culture
What are 4 key factors associated with depression
- seeing yourself as worthless
- insecure/avoidant attachment
- hopelessness
- problems with emotion regulation
Explain the depression interpersonal model
Dysphoria —> seeking reassurance —> attempt to cheer up (by others) —> not succeeding in cheer up —> more reassurance seeking —> subtle rejection (by others, bc at some point having to keep reassuring gets hard and people start to reject) —> increased need for reassurance —> open rejection —> bad life events (divorce, etc.)
What is negative feedback seeking (NFS)
According to the self-verification theory, people desire feedback that is consistent with their self-concept. This will still lead to negative feelings but the need for verification is stronger
What are 4 integrated models of NFS and ERS (=excessive reassurance seeking)
- cognitive-affective crossfire model; inconsistency between cognitive and affective responses to self-relevant feedback leads to either cognitive or affective discomfort which contributes to additional feedback-seeking behavior to reduce the discomfort
- cognitive processing model; self-enhancement and self-verification strivings require different levels of cognitive processing (self-enhancing feedback requires fewer recourses)
- integrative interpersonal framework for depression and its chronicity; self-propagatory processes represent depression-related behaviors that prolong/make existing symptoms worse;
- NFS
- ERS
- interpersonal conflict avoidance
- blame maintenance - global enhancement and specific verification theory; seek out self-enhancing feedback about global traits and self-verifying feedback about their specific attributes
What are 3 interpersonal styles
- Interpersonal inhibition; avoidance, withdrawal and shyness —> correlate with depression
- Interpersonal dependency; excessive need for interpersonal attachment and pleasing others with sense of doubt regarding strength of relationships
- Attachment style; insecure attachment is associated w depression
What are 3 kinds of treatment
- Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT); identifies area in which person has relationship difficulties and tries to build skills to improve
- Behavioral activation (BA); targets inactivity, withdrawal and avoidance behaviors —> focuses on exposure
- Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP); gain new perspectives on how to interact with others that may result in more satisfying interpersonal connections
