- How does one map a genome? (i.e. what do they use to create one)
Genetic markers: chromosome recombination frequency
- What is the difference between genetic maps and physical maps?
Genetic maps: in the genome complete DNA sequence
Physical maps: a map of the genetic genome
- Why do we complete genomic studies?
- Evolutionary Relationships
- Genetic susceptibility to Disease
- Development
- What is the difference between the ability to create physical genome maps now (i.e. 2022) and forty years ago?
The impossible to the easily obtainable
Where are we now
Now it takes about 3 hours to discover your genome
The machines are much easier and cheaper to us
- The Human Genome Project began in the 1980s, what was accomplished by 1995? When was the entire genome completely sequenced?
By 1995 got, 94% of the human genome was completely mapped
2003
- How easy it is now to map our own individual genome?
It’s so much easier
You can spit in a tube and send it off to get your genome
- After the Human Genome Project was completed, it was found the number of genes in the human genome was _______________ genes. This represents only about 1.5 times as many genes as ______________ and nearly half as many genes as ______________. Fill in the blank.
around 20,000-25,000, fruit fly, rice plant
- Humans, _____________, and ______________ all have about the same number of genes, it just matters how they are expressed that make us different. Fill in the blanks.
mice, pufferfish
- According to the video How to Sequence the Human Genome, what is the goal of genome sequencing?
The goal of genome sequencing is to determine the exact order of the four nucleotide bases that make up an organism’s DNA. This information can help researchers better understand how genes are regulated and how genetic mutations can lead to disease.
- According to the video How to Sequence the Human Genome, which of these statements do not describe a step of genome sequencing?
“Preparing DNA samples for sequencing” is not a step of genome sequencing, according to the video.
- According to the video How to Sequence the Human Genome, how do we decipher what the genetic sequence means (in theory)?
To decipher the genetic sequence, researchers compare it to known sequences in databases and use computer algorithms to identify genes, regulatory regions, and other functional elements
- The Cancer Genome Project seeks the genetic basis of cancer. They have identified two categories of gene involved: oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. What occurs when (a) oncogenes or (b) tumor-suppressor genes mutate?
Oncogenes are genes that can cause cells to become cancerous when they are mutated or overexpressed. Tumor-suppressor genes are genes that normally help to prevent cancer, but when they are mutated or deleted, they can no longer do their job effectively.
- Genomics have helped to fill out a cancer framework by comparing tumor genomes with the genomes of matched normal tissue. Mutations that are found in a tumor genome are divided into “driver” and “passenger” mutations. What is the difference between these two mutation types?
Driver= bad lead towards getting cancer over time which is full body cancer
Passenger= might end up in a tumor but thats it won’t make full on radiation needed boy cancer
- Genomics have helped to fill out a cancer framework by comparing tumor genomes with the genomes of matched normal tissue. When certain genetic mutations occur, what do the “driver” type of genes affect?
Affect the full body and the cancer cells
- Genomics have helped to fill out a cancer framework by comparing tumor genomes with the genomes of matched normal tissue, however, what is the problem with using genomics as “cure-all” model for cancer treatments?
Genomics cannot provide a one-size-fits-all solution to cancer treatment because cancer is a complex disease with many different underlying genetic causes. Additionally, genomics alone cannot account for factors such as environmental exposures or lifestyle factors that may contribute to cancer risk.
- Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. ________(the intron section of DNA) constitutes around 24% of the genome (exon around 1-1.5%). Fill in the blank.
Non coding DNA within genes
- Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are some regions of the chromosomes which remain highly condensed, tightly coiled, and untranscribed. Fill in the blank.
Structural DNA
- Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ regions tend to be localized around the centromere or near the end of the chromosome (at the telomeres). Fill in the blank.
Constitutive heterochromatin
- Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. __ ___________ are scattered within the genome and are usually 1 to 5 nucleotides such as CA or CGG repeated thousands of times. Fill in the blank.
Simple sequence repeats
- Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. ___ ____________ are blocks of genomic sequences of 10,000 to 30,000 bp that have been duplicated and moved either within chromosomes or to a nonhomologous chromosome. Fill in the blank.
segmental duplications
- Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are inactive genes which may have lost function due to mutations. Fill in the blank.
Pseudogenes
- Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are 45% of the human genome and consists of DNA sequences that can move from in the genome to another (some have the ability to transcribe proteins as well). Fill in the blank.
Transposable elements
- Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are miRNA that regulate some of the complex developmental processes in eukaryotes by down-regulating translation (i.e. does not allow it to occur if present). Fill in the blank.
microRNA
- Genomes contain coding and noncoding sequences. _______________ are noncoding RNA strands which also regulate gene expression and are important in the physiology and development of eukaryotes. Fill in the blank.
Long, noncoding RNA
