Lecture 5

Question 1

4 components in blood?

Answer 1

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets, plasma.

Question 2

Four blood types?

Answer 2

A, AB, B, O.

Question 3

What are responsible for the ABO blood types?

Answer 3

Two antigens, two antibodies.

Question 4

Who were blood groups discovered by, and when?

Answer 4

Karl Landsteiner, 1900.

Question 5

Antibodies to ???-???? antigens are present in blood.

Answer 5

Non-self.

Question 6

How can ABO type be determined?

Answer 6

By using anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

Whether agglutination occurs indicates ABO type.

Question 7

Which chromosome contains genes responsible for blood type?

Answer 7

Chromosome 9.

Question 8

If a person with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood, what happens?

Answer 8

anti-B antibodies recognise as foreign, and agglutinate introduced red cells.

Question 9

Can incompatible blood transfusions result in death?

Answer 9

Yes.

Question 10

Which blood type is a universal donor, and which is a universal receiver?

Answer 10

O = universal donor.
AB = universal receiver.

Question 11

8 steps in path of blood flow?

Answer 11

• Deoxygenated blood enters R.A. from body.
• Blood enters R.V.
• Blood enters pulmonary artery.
• Oxygenation of blood in lungs.
• Blood enters L.A. via pulmonary veins
• Blood enters L.V.
• Oxygenated blood pumped to Aorta.
• Oxygen leaves blood, enters tissues.

Question 12

Are arteries large/small?
… thick/thin?
… elastic/rigid?

Answer 12

Large diameter.
Thick.
Elastic walls.

Question 13

Are veins large/small?
… thick/thin?
… valves/no valves?

Answer 13

Large diameter.
Thin.
One-way valves.

Question 14

Which blood vessel contains no smooth muscle?

Answer 14

Capillaries.

Question 15

Why are arteries large and elastic?

Answer 15

Act as pressure reservoirs for smooth flow of blood.

Question 16

Which blood vessel is covered with rings of smooth muscle, to regulate blood flow?

Answer 16

Arteriole.

Question 17

Which blood vessel is well innervated?

Answer 17

Arteriole.

Question 18

Which blood vessel is thin walled, and highly permeable to several groups of molecules?

Answer 18

Capillaries.

Question 19

What 5 things are capillaries permeable to?

Answer 19

H2O, CO2, O2, sugars, amino acids.

Question 20

What is the auricle?

Answer 20

Outer (expandable) part of the atrium.

Question 21

Where does the right heart pump blood to?

Answer 21

Lungs.

Question 22

Where does the left heart pump blood to?

Answer 22

Body.

Question 23

What do the atrioventricular (AV) valves separate, and what are they supported by?

Answer 23

Atria from the ventricles.

Supported by chordae tendinae and papillary muscles.

Question 24

Two types of AV valve?

Answer 24

Bicuspid valve. (B) (mitral valve)

Tricuspid valve. (T)

Question 25

What do semilunar valves separate?

Answer 25

Ventricles from arteries.

Question 26

Two types of semilunar valve?

Answer 26

Pulmonary valve. (P) | Aortic valve. (A)

Question 27

Are the semilunar valves always closed when the atrioventricular valves are open, and vice versa?

Answer 27

Not always, but normally.

Question 28

What does isovolumetric mean?

Answer 28

Brief interval when all valves are closed.

Question 29

What 5 things does the cardiac cycle include?

Answer 29

``` Pump cycle. Valve opening and closure. Pressure changes. Volume changes. Heart sounds. ```

Question 30

What does the pump cycle include?

Answer 30

Systole (ventricular contraction (ejection)), | Diastole (ventricular relaxation (filling)).

Question 31

3 stages of pump cycle?

Answer 31

1. ) Both atria and ventricles relaxed. Venous return to heart = ventricular filling. (Semilunar valves closed due to back pressure). 2. ) Atria contract, driving more blood into ventricles. 3. ) Ventricles contract, driving blood into arteries. (AV valves closed, semilunar valves open).

Question 32

What happens mid-to-late diastole?

Answer 32

Venous return, ventricles fill. In late phase, atria contract.

Question 33

What happens early systole?

Answer 33

Ventricles contract, AV valves close. (isovolumetric contraction).

Question 34

What happens mid-to-late systole?

Answer 34

Ventricular ejection through open semilunar valves.

Question 35

What happens early diastole?

Answer 35

Semilunar valves close (isovolumetric relaxation).

Question 36

How are the two heart sounds described?

Answer 36

lub (S1) | dub (S2).

Question 37

What is S1 caused by?

Answer 37

Turbulent flow of blood against closed AV valves.

Question 38

What is S2 caused by?

Answer 38

Turbulent flow of blood against closed semilunar valves.

Question 39

What is end systolic volume (ESV) and end diastolic volume (EDV)?

Answer 39

``` ESV = minimum ventricular volume. EDV = maximum ventricular volume. ```

Question 40

What is stroke volume (SV), and how is it calculated?

Answer 40

EDV-ESV. Amount of blood ejected/beat.