Lecture 5

Question 1

What are the 3 functions of the brain stem

Answer 1

• connects diecephalon to spinal cord
• contains neuronal centers critical for survival, respiratory center
• contains 10 to 12 nerves

Question 2

reticular formation neurons are in________________________________

Answer 2

core of brainstem, mainly in the pons and medulla

Question 3

Neurons of the __________________ activating system terminate widely in the thalamus that is conveyed to the cerebral cortex

Answer 3

ascending reticular activating system

Question 4

Incoming sensory axons synapse on____________ neurons in the brainstem

Answer 4

reticular activating system

Question 5

Function of Reticular activating system

Answer 5

increased in response to sensory information, maintains consciousness, and has a role in sleep wakefulness

Question 6

Where does the cerebellum originate from

Answer 6

metecephalon

Question 7

The cerebellum forms a cortical structure with ____________ on the outside and _______________ on the inside and _______________

Answer 7

grey matter
white matter
deep cerebella nuclei

Question 8

4 functions of the cerebellum

Answer 8

1. to coordinate and smooth body movements
2. Participates in learning skilled voluntary movements
3. Assists with postural control
4. Assists with equilibrium and eye movement

Question 9

what are the three layers of the cerebellum

Answer 9

1. molecular layer
2. purkinje layer
3. Granular layer

Question 10

___________ are the only neurons that project deep into cerebellar nuclei

Answer 10

purkinje cells

Question 11

________________ form parallel fibers

Answer 11

granule

Question 12

affarent projections to cerebellar cortex called mossy fibers and originate form

Answer 12

1. vestibular nuclei

2. receptors in mussels, joints, and tendons (information on movement and position of limbs)

Question 13

_________________ is a nerve tract originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the same side (ipsilateral) of the cerebellum. Professes information on movememt and position of limbs

Answer 13

spinocerebellar tract

Question 14

______________ in the primary motor cortex synapse in the pons. Soma in the ponds project to cerebellar cortex

Answer 14

pyramidal neurons

Question 15

afferent projections to perkinje cells called ____________ and originate from ____________________

Answer 15

climbing fibers

inferior olive

Question 16

Only ____________ cells project into deep cerebellar nuclei

Answer 16

purkinje

Question 17

deep cerebellar nuclei neurons ___________________

Answer 17

project out of the cerebellum

Question 18

Where do efferent projections from the deep cerebellar nuclei project to

Answer 18

1. Thalamus
2. Reticular formation
3. Vestibular nuclei

Question 19

Damage to cerebellum

Answer 19

problems with balance and tremors are seen in reeler mutant mice

Question 20

Posterior view of spinal cord shows__________________ Letters and numbers indicate corresponding spinal nerves

Answer 20

attached dorsal root ganglion.

Question 21

Spinal cord extends from

Answer 21

fromanen magnet to lumbar level

Question 22

The spinal cord receives ____________ and provides __________________ for the entire body but not the head

Answer 22

somatosensory information

motor output to muscles

Question 23

The spinal cord provides a two way conduction pathway between the body and the brain by way pf the __________________________ axons pathways

Answer 23

ascending and descending

Question 24

The spinal cord is a _____________

Answer 24

major reflex center

Question 25

________________ the most distal bulbus parts of the spinal cord

Answer 25

conus medlars

Question 26

_________________ tapering end of the spinal cord

Answer 26

filum terminal

Question 27

____________ a bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets

Answer 27

cauda equina

Question 28

somatic mortar neurons with axons that exit in the ventral root

Answer 28

motor component

Question 29

___________ dorsal root ganglian neurons (pseudo unipolar cells with no dendrites and one axon with Central and peripheral branches

Answer 29

sensory component

Question 30

ventral and dorsal roots form mixed spinal nerve and exit via the _______________

Answer 30

intervertebral foramen

Question 31

_________________contain nerves that provide visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information, with the dorsal ramus feeding the dorsal trunk (skin and muscles of the back), and the ventral ramus feeding the ventral trunk and limbs through the ventrolateral surface

Answer 31

The dorsal and ventral rami

Question 32

___________ a simple reface involving only one synapse between sensory and motor neurons

Answer 32

monosynaptic reflex

Question 33

_____________ reflex action that involves an electrical impulse being transferred from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron

Answer 33

polysynaptic reflex

Question 34

general trends about major spinal tracts

Answer 34

1. most decussate- contralateral; projections 2. Most form a chain of 2-3 neuron 3. Most exhibit somatotopy 4. All are paired and mirror images of each other

Question 35

Spinothalamic tract: dorsal root ganglian neurons relay _______________________ from peripheral receptors and synapse on neurons in dorsal horn of the spinal cord

Answer 35

pain and temperature

Question 36

Spinothalamic tract: axons of dorsal horn cells cross the opposite side of the spinal cord through the ventral commissure, ascend in ____________ and synapse in ______________________

Answer 36

the lateral funicular the central posterior nucleus in the thalamus.

Question 37

Spinothalamic tract: | axons of _______________ project to the appropriate part of the somatotopically organized ____________________

Answer 37

thalamic neurons | Somatic sensory neurons

Question 38

Dorsal column pathway: dorsal root ganglian neurons relay touch, pressure, and proprioception from the __________________ where axons branch, one branch enters the dorsal columns, ascends on the same side and synapses in ne

Answer 38

periphery into the dorsal horn

Question 39

Dorsal column pathway: axons of neurons in the nucleus gracilis or cuneatus cross the midline and ascend to the ______________________ where they synapse

Answer 39

ventral posterior lateral thalamus

Question 40

Dorsal column pathway: | axons of the thalamic neurons project to the appropriate part of the ___________________

Answer 40

somatosensory cortex

Question 41

spinocerebellar Tract: dorsal root ganglian neurons relay muscle position information from ________________ that synapse in dorsal horn of spinal cord

Answer 41

proprioceptors

Question 42

spinocerebellar Tract: | axons of spinocerebellar neurons ascend in the lateral funicular to the cerebellar cortex and synapse _______________

Answer 42

on granule cells

Question 43

spinocerebellar Tract: | axons of spinocerebellar neurons ascend in the lateral funicular to __________________

Answer 43

the cerebellar cortex

Question 44

cortico spinal tract: | pyramidal neurons located ______________ of the primary motor cortex. Axons decent in the _____________

Answer 44

layer V | internal capsule

Question 45

cortico spinal tract: | axons course ______________ in the brainstem:

Answer 45

anteriorly

Question 46

cortico spinal tract: | In the midbrain axons travel

Answer 46

in cerebral peduncles

Question 47

cortico spinal tract: | In the pons axons travel

Answer 47

between pontine nuclei

Question 48

cortico spinal tract: | In the medulla axons travel

Answer 48

in pyramids

Question 49

cortico spinal tract: | Lateral corticospinal tract axons _____________ din the pyramid of the medulla

Answer 49

decussate

Question 50

cortico spinal tract: Axons travel in 2 seperate pathway's in spinal cord: Lateral corticospinal tract in the _________ and anterior corticospinal tract in the _______________-

Answer 50

lateral funiculus | anterior funiculus

Question 51

cortico spinal tract: axons of anterior corticospiinal tract decussate in ventral commissure. Neurons in the ___________ cerebral cortex synapse oil the __________ somatic motor neurons

Answer 51

left | right

Question 52

corticobular tract: pyramidal neurons in the face area of the primary Moto cortex synapse on somatic motor neurons win cranial nerve nuclei. Axons travel with those of the corticospinal tract and then at the appropriate brainstem levels, decussate and synapse on _________________

Answer 52

cranial somatic motor neurons

Question 53

What are the two cutaneous sensory receptors

Answer 53

- free nerve endings | - mechanorecptors

Question 54

________________ pain and itch receptor of the cutaneous sensory receptors

Answer 54

free nerve ending

Question 55

_____________________ touch pressure and receptors of the cutaneous sensory receptors

Answer 55

mechanoreceptors

Question 56

__________ proprioceptive receptors that is located within the tendons found on each send of a muscle.

Answer 56

Golgi tendon organs

Question 57

_______________ consist of intramural muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath, they run paralll to the fugal muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath, they run parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in the sheath spinal

Answer 57

muscle spinals

Question 58

What are the two somatic motor and sensory components at the thoracic level

Answer 58

- dorsal remas | - ventral remas

Question 59

___________ contains nerves that serve the dorsal portion of the trunk, it carries visceral motor, somatic sensory information

Answer 59

dorsal remas

Question 60

________________ nerve 12 is known as the subcostal nerve

Answer 60

ventral remas

Question 61

the _______________ supplies the deep muscles of the back at all levels

Answer 61

dorsal remus

Question 62

______________ divided into medial and lateral and intervals the muscles

Answer 62

dorsal ramus

Question 63

________________ form nerve plexus to innervate muscles of upper and lower limbs

Answer 63

ventral ramus

Question 64

nerve plexus organization

Answer 64

- brachial - lumbar and sacral plexus combined and - lumbosacral plexus

Question 65

____________ defined as area of skin innervated by the sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve

Answer 65

dermatome

Question 66

during what injury are the brachial and lumbosacrial affected

Answer 66

quadriplegic

Question 67

during what injury are the lumbosacral plexus is affected

Answer 67

paraplegic