Lecture 5

Question 1

What is Endogenous input for water? How much is this?

Answer 1

Chemical reactions in the body that have water as a biproduct

200-300 mL

Question 2

What are insensible losses of water? How much is this?

Answer 2

Loss of water from breathing or sweating

350 + 400-900 mL

Question 3

What are the factors that influences recommended water intake?

Answer 3

• Diet
• Insensible losses
• Environment
• Genetics

Question 4

What is the recommended amount of fluid per energy expended?

Answer 4

approx 0.23 - 0.36 mL/kJ expended

Question 5

How does the body compensate for fluid loss?

Answer 5

• Decreases urine output

- Increases fluid intake via thirst

Question 6

What is thirst?

Answer 6

Conscious desire to drink water and is the primary regulator of fluid intake

Question 7

How is the thirst response influenced by age?

Answer 7

• Blunted in older adults

- Commonly ignored in young children

Question 8

What are the symptoms of mild dehydration?

Answer 8

• Headache
• Alert
• Restless
• Thirsty

Question 9

What % of body weight is lost when mildly dehydrated?

Answer 9

2-5%

Question 10

What are the symptoms of Moderate dehydration?

Answer 10

• Lethargic
• rapid pulse
• Decreased BP
• Dry mouth/eyes
• Shrunken frontanelle (part on a baby’s head)
• Skin retracts slowly
• Urine concentration increases

Question 11

What % of body weight is lost when moderatley dehydrated?

Answer 11

6-10%

Question 12

What are the symptoms of severe dehydration?

Answer 12

• Drowsy
• Limp
• Rapid feeble pulse
• No urine
• Death in child within 24 hours

Question 13

What % of body weight is lost when severely dehydrated?

Answer 13

More than 10%

Question 14

What is the most common cause of death to children in third world countries?

Answer 14

Severe dehydration

Question 15

What is the treatment for mild dehydration?

Answer 15

• Drink water
• Increase fluid intake
• Eat

Question 16

What is the treatment for moderate and severe dehydration?

Answer 16

• Medical approach/ high income countries = IV solution

- No medical access/ low income countries = ORS and zinc

Question 17

What is an ORS?

Answer 17

An oral rehydration solution

• Rehydrates and replaces key electrolytes (Sodium, Potassium, Bicarb)
• Uses the co-transport of Na+ and glucose, rehydrates faster than drinking water

Question 18

What are classed as carbohydrates?

Answer 18

• Starches
• Sugars
• Dietary Fibre
• Glycogen (not considered in diet)

Question 19

What are the monosaccharides?

Answer 19

• Glucose
• Fructose
• Galactose

Question 20

What does glucose serve as?

Answer 20

An essential energy source

Question 21

TRUE/FALSE

Galactose commonly occurs naturally as a single sugar

Answer 21

FALSE

Galactose rarely occurs naturally as a single sugar

Question 22

Which of the monosaccharides is the sweetest?

Answer 22

Fructose

Question 23

What are the three disaccharides?

Answer 23

• Lactose (g+galactose)
• Sucrose (g +f)
• Maltose (g+g)

Question 24

How is maltose produced?

Answer 24

During germination of seed and fermentation

Question 25

How is sucrose produced?

Answer 25

Refined from sugar cane/beets

Question 26

What are dietary fibres resistant to?

Answer 26

Digestion in the SI, usually are completely/partially fermented in the LI

Question 27

What does dietary fibre promote?

Answer 27

- Laxation - Decreasing blood cholesterol - Modulation of blood glucose

Question 28

What are non-starch polysaccharides broken down by?

Answer 28

Not broken down by SI enzymes, are broken down by LI microbiome

Question 29

What are the intrinsic factors of NSP's?

Answer 29

- Physically inaccessible e.g. hard shell covering | - Starch granules

Question 30

What are the extrinsic factors of NSP's?

Answer 30

- Chewing time (not enough) | - Transit time