What are the 3 different types of reproduction?
- Zygotic Meiosis
- Gamtetic Meiosis
- Sporic meiosis
What is Zygotic Meiosis?
Zygote immediately goes through meiosis to produce haploid cells
What is Gametic Meiosis?
Cell undergoes meiosis to produce male/female gametes
-always diploid
What is Sporic Meiosis?
Cell undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores. Spores go on to produce haploid individual which get fertilized into zygotes. Zygotes transform into a diploid sporophyte
In sporic meiosis can the haploid and diploid phases look the same?
Yes they can but they do not always
What do pollen and seeds have in common?
They are both gametophytes and they eventually give rise to an egg
What is haploid?
Zygotic
-Meiosis immediately follows formation the diploid zygote
What is diploid?
Gametic
- meiosis occurs in single cells of diploid individuals
- long after zygote formation
- delayed meiosis
What is Alteration of generations?
Sporic: both diploid and haploid phases
- meiosis ocas in single cells of diploid individuals
- long after zygote formation
- Meiosis produces spores tp form haploid individuals
- delayed production of gametes
Are algae monophyletic?
NOPE
What are the 5 characteristics that algae lack which separates them from land plants?
- Protective layer surrounding gametangia
- Retention of Zygote and no developing sporophyte within the female gametophyte= archegonia
- Multicellular diploid sporophyte
- Multicellular sporangia (capsule) with protective laser of sterile cells
- Drying and decay resistant spores
What is Sporopollenin?
Helps preserve and repeal microbes from degradation and also prevents drying out
Are algae unicellular or multicellular?
They can be both
- most unicellular ones are palnktonic
- most multicellular ones are anchored in some way (seaweed)
What type of algae would we most likely see in freshwater?
Green
Blue/Green
Why were some early eukaryotes photosynthetic?
because they swallowed a bacteria that became incorporated into their system
How did the branch of eukaryotic life ‘Excavites’ become photosynthetic?
Somewhere down the line someone swallowed a green algae
-they were not photosynthetic before endosymbiosis
Most photoautotrophs are…?
Monophyletic
-ancestral plant lineage took up a cyanobacteria via secondary endosymbiosis
Characteristics of Euglenophyta
- Have no walls, but protein strips (flexible)
- Some photosynthetic
- Chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with green algae
- Asexual
- 1 long flagellum
Characteristics of Cryptophyta
- Chloroplast has 4 membranes (endosymbiosis of photosynthetic eukaryotes; pros red algae)
- Freshwater and marine habitats
- Mostly asexual
- Can take up organic matter and digest it
Characteristics of Haptophyta
- not a lot of them, very small
- produce toxic algal blooms
- some can combat global warming: carbon sinks; take it down to the bottom of the ocean when they die
- Form Sulfuric compounds that increase cloud cover; may cool atmosphere
- Heteromorphic alteration of generations (some); the 2 phases look different
Characteristics of Dinophyta
- Terrible plants because they produce toxic algal blooms
- Unicellular with 2 flagella
- Many are heterotrophs
- Endosymbionts of coral= zooxanthellae
- Reproduction can either be sexual or asexual
Characteristics of Diatoms
- Cell walls made of silica
- Most are photoautotrophs
- Sexual reproduction by gametic meiosis
- Diploid
Characteristics of Chrysophyta (Golden algae)
- Phytoplankton in marine and freshwater habitats
- Hetero and photoautotrophs
- Asexual with zygotic meiosis
- Fucoxanthem=golden colour
Characteristics of Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
- Produces the biggest seaweeds
- Mostly marine, provides lots of habitats
- In foods and coating on paper
- Sporic and gametic meiosis
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Lecture #412
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Lecture #521
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Lecture #630
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Lecture #8- Ancestral Vascular Plants42
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Lecture #9- Progymnosperms and Gymnosperms15
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Lecture #10- Living Gymnosperms II: Conifers19
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lecture #11- Basal Angiosperms26
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Lecture #12- Selected Eudicots31
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Lecture #13- Monocots20
