lecture 7: vitamins

Question 1

vitamin volume in animal diet

Answer 1

• present in minute quantities
• effective in small amounts

Question 2

absence or inefficiency in vitamins results in

Answer 2

specific deficiency disease or syndrome (e.g. lack of Vit D results in rickets/osteomalacia)

Question 3

examples of vit that are not essential for some species

Answer 3

1. vit D: most animals can make via capturing UV rays in skin & converting in liver but usually not in sufficient quantities so needs supplimentation
2. vit C: ruminants, dogs, & cats can make
3. vit K & B vitamins: ruminants can make via microbial fermentation

Question 4

classes of vitamins

Answer 4

1. fat soluble → body structure
2. water-soluble → fxn as cofactors for enzymes in biochemical rxns (metabolism)

Question 5

fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 5

• A (retinol) → important for bone formation, vision, epithelial tissue maintenance
• D (ergocalciferol [D2] in plants & cholecalciferol [D3] in animal tissues) → Ca & P absorption for bone formation
• E (⍺-tocopherol) → antioxidant & muscle structure
• K → blood clotting & post-synthesis protein modification

Question 6

water-soluble vitamins

Answer 6

• fxn as cofactors for enzymes in biochemical rxns (metabolism)
• C
• B complex:
  
  • thiamine (B1)
  • riboflavin (B2)
  • niacin (B3)
  • pantothenic acid (B5)
  • biotin (B7)
  • cobalamin (B12)
  • folic acid (B9)
  • choline (not a vitamin but similar properties to B vit)

Question 7

vitamin units of measurement

Answer 7

• water-soluble vit & vit K are measured in weight (mcg or mg)
• vit A, D, & E are measured in international units (IU) = standardizes biological effect of a given substance (measures potency not amount)
  
  • 1 IU of vit E = 1 mg of ⍺-tocopherol acetate = 0.9 mg ⍺-tocopherol (alcohol) → acetate = less potent because you need more of it to have same effect

Question 8

B vitamins

Answer 8

• water-soluble

1. thiamine (B1)
2. riboflavin (B2)
3. niacin (B3)
4. pantothenic acid (B5)
5. biotin (B7)
6. folic acid (B9)
7. cobalamin (B12)
8. choline → not a vit but similar properties to B vit

Question 9

vit A

Answer 9

aka retinol = fat-soluble vit important for:

1. bone formation
2. vision
3. epithelial tissue maintenance

Question 10

vit D

Answer 10

• fat-soluble vit
• ergocalciferol [D2] in plants
• cholecalciferol [D3] in animal tissues
• critical for Ca & P absorption → fxns in bone formation

Question 11

vit E

Answer 11

aka ⍺-tocopherol = fat-soluble vit that acts as antioxidant & fxns in muscle structure

Question 12

vit K

Answer 12

fat-soluble vit that fxns in blood clotting & post-synthesis protein modification

Question 13

vit B1

Answer 13

thiamine

Question 14

vit B2

Answer 14

riboflavin

Question 15

vit B3

Answer 15

niacin
(water soluble)

Question 16

vit B5

Answer 16

pantothenic acid

Question 17

vit B7

Answer 17

biotin

Question 18

vit B12

Answer 18

cobalamin

Question 19

vit B9

Answer 19

folic acid