Lecture 7a

Question 1

Standing Waters: Concepts (Lake)

Answer 1

Is a large or considerable body of standing water either salt of fresh water surrounded by land

Question 2

Standing Waters: Concepts (Shallow Lake)

Answer 2

Is a large body of water easily mixed to the bottom by casual winds

Question 3

Standing Waters: Concepts (Pond)

Answer 3

Is a small and shallow body of water where light penetrates to the bottom

Question 4

Standing Waters: Concepts (wetland (mire))

Answer 4

Is a body of water where vegetation protrudes from water surface (water table at/near land surface)

Question 5

Standing Waters: Concepts (What encompasses a Wetland (4))

Answer 5

1. Bog
2. Fen
3. Marsh
4. Swamp

Question 6

What is a Bog:

Answer 6

A peatland with acidic peat (un-decomposed organic matter) and nutrient poor (ombrotrophic: rainwater)

Question 7

What is a Fen?

Answer 7

Is a peatland that is neutral/alkaline fed by nutrient poor mineral-rich surface or ground water +/- tall plants (trees)

Question 8

What is a Marsh?

Answer 8

Is a nutrient rich wetland with emergents (no trees)

Question 9

What is a Swamp?

Answer 9

Is a waterlogged wetland with conifers/deciduous

Question 10

11 Categories of Lakes:

Answer 10

1. Tectonic activities
2. Volcanic activities
3. Landslides
4. Glacial, nival activities, permafrost and ice
5. Karstic events and solution
6. Fluvial lakes, lakes in floodplains and deltaic areas
7. Costal Lakes
8. Deflation Lakes
9. Plant accumulations and animale (raised peat bogs, beavers)
10. Artifical lakes
11. Meteoric impacts

Question 11

1. Tectonic Activity Lakes

Answer 11

• Graben Lake
• Rift Lake

Question 12

2. Volcanic Activity Lakes:

Answer 12

Flooded crater Lakes

Question 13

3. Landslide Lakes:

Answer 13

In between mountain ranges

Question 14

4. Glacial, Nival (snow), Ice, and Permafrost Lakes:

Answer 14

• Alpine Lake Basins
• Morains as Dams
• Proglacial Lake
• Fluvioglacial Plain Lakes
• Plonge Pool Lake
• Glacier Scour Lake
• Patterned Ground Lake
• Great Lake Formation

Question 15

5. Karstic events and solution

Answer 15

Sinkhole Lakes (temperate and tropical)

Question 16

6. Fluvial lakes, lakes in floodplains and deltaic areas

Answer 16

Fluvial Lakes

Question 17

7. Coastal Lakes

Answer 17

Lakes near the shoreline of the ocean

Question 18

8. Deflation Lakes

Question 19

9. Plant Accumulation and Animal Lakes

Answer 19

Lakes made by animals like beavers after putting in dams in rivers/creeks
Leads to a large accumulation of biodiversity in the lake

Question 20

10. Artificial Lakes and Reservoirs

Answer 20

• Drinking water
• Irrigation
• Retention
• Mills
• Fish ponds
• Strip Mining
• Defense and war
• Fire/Ice/Farm ponds
• Hydroelectiric Power Reservoirs
• Recreation
• Purification

Question 21

11. Meteoric Impact Lakes

Answer 21

Formed where large meteors hit the Earth’s surface and formed a basin

Question 22

Lake Have Vertical Structure due to:

Answer 22

• Stratification
• Thermal Stratification
• Lake Mixing

Question 23

What is Stratification?

Answer 23

Structuring of water body into layers due to physical, chemical, biological inputs and processes

Question 24

What is Thermal Stratification?

Answer 24

Varies by latitude and climate due to different thermal inputs including wind feilds

Question 25

What is Lake Mixing?

Answer 25

Is caused by energy inputs in a balance between buoyancy and inertia. There are seasonal mixing patterns caused by a variety of energy inputs

Question 26

Lake Structure (1. Morphometry)

Answer 26

Basin shape (irregular, dendritic, rounded to DL)

Question 27

Lake Structure (2. Hydrology)

Answer 27

Retention time goes to chemical properties

Question 28

Lake Structure (3. Light)

Answer 28

Compensation depth 1. Littoral 2. Limnetic zones 3. Profoundal zones

Question 29

Lake Structure (4. Heat)

Answer 29

Stratification vs. mixing leads to biology/chemistry 1. Epilimnion 2. Metalimnion 3. Hypolimnion

Question 30

Lake Structure (5. Turbulence)

Answer 30

Lake mixing, sediment stability/mobility in littoral

Question 31

What can Lead to Stratification?

Answer 31

Thermal inputs and lack of mixing

Question 32

What Does Stratification Indicate?

Answer 32

The presence of layer of different density conditions. The less dense water has higher buoyancy and floats on more dense water

Question 33

What Determines if Different Densities Arise? (stratification)

Answer 33

This is due to temperature and also chemistry

Question 34

When does Mixing Occur During Stratification

Answer 34

When mixing overwhelms the buoyancy

Question 35

7 Mixing Patterns in Lakes:

Answer 35

1. Diel/episodic 2. Dimictic 3. Monomictic 4. Amictic 5. Polymictic 6. Holomictic 7. Meromictic

Question 36

Stratification/Mixing Patterns (1. Diel/episodic)

Answer 36

Diurnal mixing

Question 37

Stratification/Mixing Patterns (2. Dimictic)

Answer 37

(2/yr) Spring and fall mixing

Question 38

Stratification/Mixing Patterns (3. Monomictic)

Answer 38

(1/yr) Fall mixing

Question 39

Stratification/Mixing Patterns (4. Amictic)

Answer 39

(0/yr) No Mixing

Question 40

Stratification/Mixing Patterns (5. Polymictic)

Answer 40

(>2/yr) Small, shallow lakes

Question 41

Stratification/Mixing Patterns (6. Holomictic)

Answer 41

Entire lake mixes

Question 42

Stratification/Mixing Patterns (7. Meromictic)

Answer 42

Deep layer of non-mixing water

Question 43

Lake Structure - Mixing (Energy Inputs)

Answer 43

- Solar - Wind stress - Density Gradients

Question 44

Littoral/Limnetic Zones Receives/Responds Considerable Energy (3)

Answer 44

1. Thermal 2. Wind 3. Density Interactions

Question 45

Littoral/Limnetic Zones Receives/Responds Considerable Energy (1. Thermal)

Answer 45

Heating, convection, precipitation, evaporation, rivers, groundwater

Question 46

Littoral/Limnetic Zones Receives/Responds Considerable Energy (2. Wind)

Answer 46

Creates water, stokes drift, seiches, horizontal mixing, Langmuir cells

Question 47

Littoral/Limnetic Zones Receives/Responds Considerable Energy (3. Density Interactions)

Answer 47

- Stratification, instabilities, pumping, cooling, rivers - Morphometry is also important