Lecture 8

Question 1

Hypotheses must be logical -> steps:

Answer 1

• Develop a hypothesis about a relationship
• Collect data
• Construct a statistic for that relationship ( t, F, chi-squared)
• Calculate the value of that statistic from the data,
• check the table
• If your result is unlikely to be caused by chance, you declare significance

Question 2

Significant relationship

Answer 2

If there is enough chance that the value falls in the outer two tails of the distribution

Question 3

Calculating the t-value using OLS

Answer 3

Y is your dependent variable, x independent with an error term

Question 4

OLS

Answer 4

Ordinary least squared with particular assumptions least is minimal

Question 5

Primary data

Answer 5

Collected by the researcher (survey, interview, experiment)

Question 6

Secondary data

Answer 6

Existing data collected by another person (save time and money and non-obrustive, but not collected for the purpose of your study) also archival data

Question 7

Dichotomous question

Answer 7

has two choices (a coded dummy variable)

Question 8

nominal question

Answer 8

(non-ordered) multiple options, but no inherent order

Question 9

ordinal question

Answer 9

ordered, multiple questions with an inherent hierarchy

Question 10

Likert scale

Answer 10

an interval level ordinal question (5 to 7 points)

Question 11

Question content what to ask and what is wrong

Answer 11

• Is the question necessary and useful?
• No double/mulitple-barreled questions (two questions in one)
• Do respondents have the needed knowledge?
• Can you make the question more specific or factual?
• How do you deal with sensitive questions?
• Take care of your wording ( not loaded, objective, etc.)

Question 12

Common method bias

Answer 12

collecting data with a single method or source.

Solution: obtain x and y from different methods or sources, times/spaces

Question 13

Self-serving bias

Answer 13

individual tendency to refer to internal attribution for their success and external attribution for their failure

Question 14

Non-response bias

Answer 14

sustematic differences between respondents and non-respondents (solution: show that there are no differences)

• compare early and late respondents if you have no non-respondents data

Question 15

Back translation

Answer 15

back translation is good for when things are lost in translation ( ask someone else to translate back and see if the message is the same)

Question 16

before administering the survey

Answer 16

before administering the survey are variables missing? Are answers coded?

Question 17

Probability sampling

Answer 17

form of random selection, representative or target population

Question 18

Simple random sampling

Answer 18

select n cases out of N with an equal chance

• Systematic random sampling
• stratified random sampling
• cluster random sampling

Random sampling avoids sampling error

Question 19

Nonprobability sampling

Answer 19

Use latter two if random is not available, It does not involve random selection

Three types: convenience, purposive, quota

Question 20

Convenience

Answer 20

select conveniently available cases

Question 21

purposive

Answer 21

attempt to obtain a sample representative of target population (if you have an idea how the typical case should look like)

Question 22

quota

Answer 22

include observations until you achieve a specific number of cases for each stratum of the population

Question 23

Statistical power: typer 1 error

Answer 23

Concluding hypothesis is supported when it is not true.

More stringent criterion alpha means the smaller probability

Question 24

Statistical power: typer 2 error

Answer 24

Failing to find support for the hypothesis when it is true