Polytomy
phylogeny where more than two lineages descend from a single common ancestor
- We don’t know the relationships between the descendent lineages
- Descendent lineages speciated simultaneously
Protostome
Mesoderm Formation
• Coelom is formed by schizocoely
• Protostomes can be coelomate, acoelomate, or pseudocoelomate
Deuterostome
Mesoderm Formation
• Coelom is formed by enterocoely
• All deuterostomes are coelomate
Common name
- Not generally standardized
- Multiple names for one species possible
- Multiple species for one name possible
- Varies across languages
Scientific name
Latin name
• Standardized and consistent around the world
• Changes with phylogeny
Scientific Names structure
- Composed of two words (bionomial)
- Genus (italics, first letter capitalized)
- species (italics, all lower case)
when hand written it’s underlined not italicized
Order of life
Life Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
“sp.”
“spp.”
Indicates singular sp or plural spp
for scientific name
What do you do if there’s a sub species?
use trinomial nomenclature
Taxonomy Def
Study of the principles of scientific classification; systematic ordering and naming of organisms.
Why is taxonomy important
Knowing what taxonomic group an animal belongs to can tell you a lot about it ie evolutionary history, conservation etc
History of Taxonomy
Linneaus- Father of taxonomy
First system for naming all plants and animal:
Based on shared characters
does nor consider evolution
Taxonomic Ranks
Hierarchical system based on Linnaen
Each species belongs to a single Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, and Domain…. sometimes there’s sub species, sub class,etc
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Three DOMAINS and 5-6 KINGDOMS
Three domains
Eukaryota, Archaea, Bacteria
5 or 6 Kingdoms
Animalia (= Metazoa) Plantae Fungi Protista Bacteria Archea
Monera (all prokaryotes) ie bacteria and archaea*
Problems with Modern Taxonomy
- Not governed by any international body
- Skewed towards pedagogical convenience rather than a true reflection of phylogeny
- Hierarchical ranks are difficult and outdated
Metazoa
Kingdom of multi-cellular animals (also called ‘Animalia’
Protista
Kingdom of unicellular eukaryotes includes: Protozoa (first animals) Protophyta (fist plants • Fungus-like slime molds • Not monophyletic
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