explain the function and important bones part of the pectoral girdle and their funcitons
Function:
Connects the arms to the body
Positions the shoulders
Provides a base for arm movement
Bones:
2 clavicle, 2 scapula
Clavicle is attached to the sternum (part of the thoracic cage, the only bone from appendicular attached to axial)
The scapula is just the shoulder and helps attach the arms (humerus) to the body using hte cavity
which bone part of the appendicular skeleton attaches to the axial skeleton
the clavicle attaches to the sternum
what are the upper limb compoents
Upper limb
Components:
1. Arm → humerus
2. Forearm → radius and ulna
3. Wrist → 8 carpal bones
4. Hands → 19 bones (metacarpals and phalanges)
the humerus _____ articulates to ______. epicondyles are _____
The humerus
Round head articulates to the glenoid cavity of the scapula (shoulder)
Epicondyles are processes that develop close to an articulation and provide addition surface for muscle attachment
recall: what are epicondyles and the glenoid cavity
Epicondyles are processes that develop close to an articulation and provide addition surface for muscle attachment
glenoid cavity is the space between the shoulder (scapula) and humerus and is attachment
where do fractures in the humerus usually take place
the surgical neck is where fractures in the humerus usually take place
where do deltoid muscles attach to
The deltoid tuberosity is a bulge on the bone and attaches to deltoid muscles
what triggers the funny bone
The medial epicondyle is the side where the ulna nerve which controls the little fingers and is somehow affected when you hit your funny bone
what is the radial groove and what is its function
The radial groove is where the radial nerve passes through
explain three important things about the forearm (atnebrachium) (hint, ulna and radal)
- Ulna lies medial to the radius
- These two bones are connected through interosseous membrane
- Radial tuberosity is where bicep muscles attach to
how many carpal bones are proximal and distal
There are four carpal bones (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform) that are arranged proximally and four carpal bones arranged distal (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate)
what is the trapezium and its significance
The trapezium is articulated to the metacarpal number 1
Wrist allows for bending and twisting of the hand
what is the pelvic girdle functions and coxal bones
Pelvic Girdle
Functions:
Bears body weight
Handles stress of movement
Part of the pelvic
Coxal bones (hip bones)
Ilium (articulates with scrum)
Ischium
Pubis
Is the pelvic girdle or pectoral girdle more strong ?
The pelvic girdle is more strong because it has to bear more weight and has to support more bones
explain four significant parts of the hip bone
- acetabulum is where the head of the femur articulates to
- Greater sciatic notch is where the sciatic nerve passes
- The glute line (anterior, inferior, posterior) is where glute muscles attach to
- Ischium is the sit bone and contains the greater sciatic notch and is important in withstanding weight while we sit
what is pubic symphasis
Pubic symphysis is important because during the time of delivery, there’s a hormone called relaxin and affects it through dilating it to facilitate delivery of the baby
Sacrum is at the level of upper opening inlet and pubic symphysis is lower opening
what are the differences between male and female pelvis and main summary of female pelvic
Differences between the Male and Female pelvis
The pelvic inlet is more narrow in male and wider in female
The pelvic outlet is smaller/more narrow in male than in female
The pubic angle is smaller in male/ more narrow and larger angle in female (more than 100 degrees)
In summary, females have a smoother, lighter, and less prominent muscle and ligament attachments
- Have an enlarged pelvic outlet
- Broad pubic angle
- Less curvature of sacrum and coccyx
- Wider circular pelvic inlet
- Broad low pelvis
- Ilia project laterally, not upwards
what are the bones of the lower limbs (hint, theres 7)
The Lower Limbs
Bones of the lower limbs:
Femur (thigh) - strongest and artciulated to the acetabulum
Patella (kneecap)
Tibia and fibula (leg)
Tarsals (ankle)
Metatarsals (foot)
Phalanges (toes)
explain the importance of the femur
The femur
The femoral head articulates with the acetabulum and attaches at the fovea capitis
Epichondyles link the femur to the patella
what is the patella and its significance
- The kneecap and a sesamoid bone
- Developed within the tendons
- top part is base, apex is bottom
- formed WITHIN tendon of quadriceps femoris
- Base attaches to quadriceps femoris
- Apex attaches patellar ligament
- When you start walking, the patella becomes much stronger – goes up and down and there’s no side movement (if it does, it’s an injury common in runners where the patela goes out of the normal track of movement sideways)
explain the signifiacne of the tibia and fibula
Tibia (shinbone) supports body weight – next to femur in terms of strength
Fibula is important for attachment of muscles
Head of the fibula articulates with the tibia
what is the interosseous membrane
Interosseous membrane attaches the fibula and tibia together
what articulates to medial and lateral condyles of the femur
ONLY the tibia articulates to medial and lateral condyles of the femur
WHAT id the medial bump felt at the ankle
Medial bump felt at the ankle is the medial malleolus of the tibia
