Steps of designing questionnaire
- considering administration type
- design questions
- designing answers
- other things to consider
- translation process and pilot
5 Steps of translation
- forward translation
- backward translation
- bilingual expert panel
- pre-testing on target population
- final version + document process
Three methods to pre-test questionnaire
- observations
- cognitive interviewing
x concurrent (thinking out loud)
x retrospective (response after respondent answered question)
cross-cultural validation
Refers to whether measures/construct that were originally generated in one culture are applicable, meaningful and thus equivalent in another culture
5 ways of cross-cultural validation
- conceptual
- item
- semantic
- operational
- measurement
Conceptual equivalence
refers to how the underlying concept(s) of the scale are conceptualized in the new context and culture. Achieved when same relationship to the underlying concept(s) exist in both culture, primarily in terms of domains included and the emphasis placed on the different domains
Item equivalence
explores whether items are equally relevant and acceptable. It is attained when items estimate the same parameters of the concept(s) under study
Semantic equivalence
Is concerned with language. It is achieved when a similar meaning of words and concepts is transferred and when a similar effect on respondents is obtained
Operational equivalence
concerns with the suitability of the questionnaire format, instructions and mode of administration. It is attained when these do not affect the results
Measurement equivalence
Refer to psychometric properties of the scale and is reached if the psychometric properties of the adapted version are acceptable
Content validity
The degree to which the content of an instrument is an adequate reflection of the construct to be measured
Construct validity
The degree to which the scores of an instrument are consistent with hypothesis based on the assumption that the instrument validly measures the construct to be measured
Criterion validity
The degree to which the scores of an instrument are an adequate reflection of a ‘gold standard’
Internal consistency
Reliability
Interrelatedness among the items
with cronbach’s alpha
