A&P 2 Lecture Test 1 Study Guide > Lecture Test 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Test 1 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What is blood fractionation?

A

Separation of blood into basic components based on centrifugation and coagulation

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2
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Total volume of whole blood that is RBCs; typically 37% to 52%

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3
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

Narrow cream-colored zone containing WBCs and platelets; 1% or less of total volume

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4
Q

What constitutes blood plasma?

A

Complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and gases

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5
Q

What are the three major categories of plasma proteins?

A
  • Albumins
  • Globulins
  • Fibrinogen
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6
Q

What is the function of albumins?

A

Transport of solutes, buffer plasma pH, contribute to viscosity and osmotic pressure

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7
Q

What are the subclasses of globulins?

A
  • Alpha globulins
  • Beta globulins
  • Gamma globulins
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8
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Production of blood, especially its formed elements

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9
Q

What is the role of hematopoietic tissues?

A

Produce blood cells

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10
Q

What are the two types of hematopoiesis?

A
  • Lymphoid hematopoiesis
  • Myeloid hematopoiesis
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11
Q

What do erythrocytes do?

A

Carry oxygen from lungs to tissues and carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

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12
Q

What happens to erythrocytes as they age?

A

RBC proteins deteriorate, membranes become fragile, leading to hemolysis

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13
Q

What is anemia?

A

Condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin

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14
Q

What is the ABO blood group?

A

Blood types A, B, AB and O determined by the presence or absence of antigens A and B on RBCs

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15
Q

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

A

Condition that may occur when a Rh− mother has a Rh+ baby, leading to agglutination of fetal RBCs

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16
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells that protect against infection and other diseases

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17
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

A group of WBCs that contain specific granules and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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18
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Aggressively antibacterial; increase in bacterial infections and phagocytize bacteria

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19
Q

What are the two reaction pathways to coagulation?

A
  • Extrinsic mechanism
  • Intrinsic mechanism
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20
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The process of blood clotting and the prevention of excessive bleeding

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21
Q

What are procoagulants?

A

Clotting factors present in plasma, usually produced by the liver

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22
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?

A

Supplies oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation

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23
Q

What is the structure of the pericardium?

A

A double-walled sac enclosing the heart, consisting of fibrous and serous layers

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24
Q

What is the myocardium?

Study These Flashcards
A

Layer of cardiac muscle whose thickness is proportional to workload

25
What is the apex of the heart?
The tapered inferior end of the heart that tilts to the left
26
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium that may result in friction rub
27
Fill in the blank: The heart is located in the _______.
mediastinum
28
True or False: Blood serum is plasma without the clotting proteins.
True
29
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium; may result in friction rub ## Footnote Pericarditis can lead to chest pain and other complications.
30
What is the myocardium?
Layer of cardiac muscle, thickness is proportional to workload ## Footnote The myocardium is responsible for the heart's contraction.
31
What is the function of the fibrous skeleton in the heart?
Provides structural support, attachment for cardiac muscle, and electrical insulation between atria and ventricles ## Footnote This insulation is crucial for coordinated contractile activity.
32
How many chambers does the heart have?
Four chambers: two atria and two ventricles
33
What separates the right and left atria?
Interatrial septum
34
What are pectinate muscles?
Internal ridges of myocardium found in the right atrium and both auricles
35
What is the difference in wall thickness between the left and right ventricles?
Left ventricle wall is 2-4x thicker than right ventricle
36
What are trabeculae carneae?
Internal muscular ridges in both ventricles; help chambers expand and refill more easily
37
What is the function of heart valves?
Ensure one-way flow of blood through the heart
38
What are the atrioventricular (AV) valves?
Valves that control blood flow between atria and ventricles
39
How many cusps does the right AV (tricuspid) valve usually have?
Three cusps
40
How many cusps does the left AV (mitral) valve usually have?
Two cusps
41
What are tendinous cords (chordae tendineae)?
Strings of connective tissue that attach valve cusps to papillary muscles
42
What do semilunar valves control?
Flow from ventricles into great arteries
43
What is the function of the pulmonary valve?
Controls the opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
44
What does the left coronary artery (LCA) supply?
Blood to both ventricles and anterior two-thirds of the interventricular septum
45
What is the primary energy source for cardiac muscle?
Aerobic respiration
46
What is the significance of myoglobin in cardiac muscle?
It helps store oxygen needed for aerobic respiration
47
What is the role of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?
They connect cardiomyocytes and facilitate synchronized contraction
48
What initiates each heartbeat?
The sinoatrial (SA) node
49
What is the normal heart rate at rest for adults?
Typically 70 to 80 bpm
50
What is ectopic focus?
A region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node
51
What is nodal (junctional) rhythm?
Heart rate set by AV node if SA node is damaged, typically 40 to 50 bpm
52
What is ventricular fibrillation?
Random electrical signals result in no pumping action; hallmark of myocardial infarction (MI)
53
What does the P wave in an ECG represent?
Depolarization of the atria
54
What occurs during the QRS complex in an ECG?
Depolarization of the ventricles
55
What is the first heart sound in the cardiac cycle?
Louder and longer 'lubb', occurs with closure of AV valves
56
What is cardiac output (CO)?
The amount ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute; CO = HR × SV
57
What is preload in relation to stroke volume?
Amount of tension (stretch) in ventricular myocardium before contraction
58
What does the Frank-Starling law of the heart state?
Stroke volume is proportional to end-diastolic volume
A&P 2 Lecture Test 1 Study Guide
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