BIO-169 Lecture Test 1 > Lecture test 1 > Flashcards

Lecture test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical messenger released by endocrine glands that travels through blood to target cells.

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2
Q

Hormone Function

A

Regulates body processes like growth, metabolism, reproduction, and homeostasis.

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3
Q

Target Cell

A

A cell that has receptors for a specific hormone.

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4
Q

Hormone Specificity

A

Hormones only affect cells with matching receptors.

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5
Q

Amino Acid–Based Hormones

A

Water-soluble hormones that bind to receptors on the cell membrane and use second messengers.

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6
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Lipid-soluble hormones that enter cells and bind to receptors inside the nucleus or cytoplasm.

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7
Q

Second Messenger System

A

Internal signal molecules that carry hormone signals inside a cell.

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8
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

Produces and releases hormones that control other endocrine glands.

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9
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

Stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus.

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10
Q

Pancreas (Endocrine Role)

A

Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose.

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11
Q

Thymus Gland

A

Produces hormones that help T-cell maturation for immunity.

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12
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Regulates metabolism, growth, and development.

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13
Q

Hormonal Stimuli

A

Hormone release triggered by other hormones.

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14
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A

Hormone release triggered by changes in blood chemistry.

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15
Q

Neural Stimuli

A

Hormone release triggered by nerve signals.

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16
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood that transports nutrients, hormones, gases, and waste.

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17
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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18
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs)

A

Defend the body against infection.

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19
Q

Platelets

A

Help with blood clotting.

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20
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Iron-containing protein in RBCs that binds oxygen.

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21
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells.

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22
Q

Hemocytoblast

A

Stem cell that forms all blood cells.

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23
Q

RBC Breakdown Location

A

Spleen and liver.

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24
Q

Hemoglobin Breakdown

A

• Iron reused
• Globin converted to amino acids
• Heme converted to bilirubin

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25
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone from kidneys that stimulates RBC production.
26
Anemia
Low RBC count or low hemoglobin.
27
Pernicious Anemia
Caused by lack of vitamin B12 absorption.
28
Sickle Cell Anemia
Genetic disorder causing misshapen RBCs.
29
Polycythemia
Excess RBC production increasing blood thickness and blood pressure.
30
Neutrophils
Destroy bacteria.
31
Eosinophils
Fight parasites and allergic reactions.
32
Basophils
Release histamine during inflammation.
33
Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies and immune memory.
34
Monocytes
Become macrophages and engulf pathogens.
35
Granules in Granulocytes
Contain enzymes and chemicals used to destroy pathogens.
36
Diapedesis
WBCs squeezing through capillary walls.
37
Positive Chemotaxis
Movement of WBCs toward infection signals.
38
Antigen
Protein on RBC surface.
39
Antibody
Protein in plasma that attacks foreign antigens.
40
Type O Blood
Universal donor (no A or B antigens).
41
Type AB Blood
Universal recipient (no anti-A or anti-B antibodies).
42
Rh Factor
Presence or absence of Rh antigen.
43
Danger of Mismatched Blood
Causes RBC clumping and destruction.
44
Four Heart Chambers
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
45
Left Ventricle Wall Thickness
Thicker because it pumps blood to entire body.
46
Pulmonary Circuit
Heart → lungs → heart.
47
Systemic Circuit
Heart → body → heart.
48
Coronary Circulation
Supplies blood to heart muscle.
49
Flow Order
Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary valve → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Mitral valve → Left ventricle → Aortic valve → Aorta → Body
50
AV Valves
Prevent blood from flowing backward into atria.
51
Semilunar Valves
Prevent blood from flowing back into ventricles.
52
Chordae Tendineae
Anchor AV valves to papillary muscles.
53
Lub Sound
Closing of AV valves.
54
Dup Sound
Closing of semilunar valves.
55
SA Node
Primary pacemaker (60–100 beats/min).
56
If SA Node Fails
AV node becomes pacemaker.
57
Impulse Pathway
SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers.
58
Electrical Connection Between Atria and Ventricles
AV bundle (Bundle of His).
59
Tunica Intima
Inner endothelial layer.
60
Tunica Media
Smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
61
Tunica Externa
Outer connective tissue.
62
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart.
63
Veins
Carry blood toward heart.
64
Capillaries
Site of gas and nutrient exchange.
65
Elastic Arteries
Stretch and recoil to maintain pressure.
66
Muscular Arteries
Distribute blood to organs.
67
Arterioles
Control blood flow into capillaries.
68
Continuous Capillaries
Most common; tight cell junctions.
69
Fenestrated Capillaries
Have pores for filtration.
70
Sinusoid Capillaries
Large openings for large molecules.
71
Skeletal Muscle Pump
Muscle contractions push blood toward heart.
72
Respiratory Pump
Breathing changes pressure to move blood.
73
Venous Valves
Prevent backflow.
74
Systolic Pressure
Pressure during heart contraction.
75
Diastolic Pressure
Pressure during relaxation.
76
Pulse Pressure
Difference between systolic and diastolic.
77
Cardiac Output
Amount of blood pumped per minute.
78
Peripheral Resistance
Resistance from vessel friction.
79
Blood Volume
Total blood amount in circulation.
80
Viscosity
Thickness of blood.
81
Vessel Length
Longer vessels increase resistance.
82
Vessel Diameter
Smaller diameter increases resistance.
83
Slow Flow Purpose
Allows time for gas and nutrient exchange.
84
Sympathetic Nervous System
Causes vasoconstriction.
85
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Causes vasodilation (in limited areas).
86
During Exercise
Increased heart rate, vasodilation to muscles.
87
During Blood Loss
Vasoconstriction and increased heart rate to maintain pressure.
BIO-169 Lecture Test 1
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