1
Q
research method
A
- quasia experiment: the IV (ethnicity of the children being either canadian or chinese) was naturally occuring
- cross cultural study: lees research was carried out on samples from 2 very different cultures.
- snapshot study: data was collected from all participants in one go. they were able to see if children of different ages gave different responses by making the study cross-sectional
2
Q
advantages of cross cultural study in lee
A
- ## increases representativeness of the sample and for identifying the representativeness of the sample and for identiying whether a behaviour is something seen in all people, regardless of culture or whether it is culture-dependent and therefore learned through interaction with society
3
Q
disadvantages of cross cultural study in lee
A
- disadvantage in the assumption of the reseacher that their materials will be interpreted in the same way by all cultures being research and that the set up of the research is seen in the same way by all particioants
- in some cultures, children may not be used to one-to-one interviews with adults and this could cause them to try and answer the way they think they should rather than tell the truth (demand characteristics)
- ethnocentric bias when the assumption is that one culture is the normal culture and any other behaviour is seen as inferior because it is different from the norm.
- western children might think chinese children are wrong to think telling lies can be a good thing
4
Q
data
A
- in lees research, he has independent variables of:
- culture (chinese or canadian)
- age (7,9,11 years old)
- type of story (physical or social)
- behaviour in the story (pro-social or anti-social)
- the DV was measured in 2 ways: it was measured quantitatively by giving the children a 7 point semantic rating scale which was converted into quantitative data to give numerical raw data which could be aalysed
- he also asked for qualitative data in the form if reasons why the participants chose the option they did. this was to see if there was any difference in the actual moral thinking between cutures, so if the chinese chuldren did see lie-telling in a pro-social situation as more positive than canadian chidren, their reasons would tell the researchers if it was due to cultural upbringing.
- used a semantic rating scale with images of stars and crosses to gather the data
- they allocated each point on the scale with a numerical value from +3 to -3. this way they could give each prticipant a rating for how good or naughty the characters in the story were allowing for comparisons to be made between the mean rating for each condition and statistical analysis to see if any differences were significant.
5
Q
ethics that were upheld
A
- informed consent: consent for the children to take part was given by their parents
- right to withdraw: the unequal numbers of children from the 2 cultures could reflect at least some canadian parents exercising their right to withdraw (120 from china, 108 from canada
- protection from harm: the stories that were read out to the chilfren were accopmanies by illustrations to not cause upset to children
6
Q
validity
A
- construct validity as extraneous variabkes can confound the data, so what looks like an effect of the indipendent variable is actually more likely caused by extraneous variables but lee tried to control these as much as possible such as lee had the same gender mix, choice of target population (i.e. from non-heavy industry cities)
- the stories were the same for each participant but stories in a western format will have a different meaning in each culture.
7
Q
reliability
A
- high internal reliability: the study followed a standardised procedure and the includsion of the 8 stories that the researchers used during their investigation would make it possible for the study to be replicated
- high external reliability; the large number of children in each condition showed that the sample was large enough to establish a consisted effect
- each child has either 4 social or 4 physical stories read to them which made the results more reliable.
8
Q
sample
A
- sample were carefully assembled to ensure that the children were from similar kinds of backgrounds as well as large enough numbers of children of each age group to establish relaible effects and an even gender split
- however there were fewer children in the canadian sample which makes it less reliable and may lack cultural bias
- all of the children were from urban centers rather than rural which shows that attitudes to truth telling and lie telling might be different among children growing up in villages which lacks construct validity
- the sample is also ethnocentric as it misses out children from europe, south america, africa and australasia
9
Q
ethnocentricism
A
- not ethnocentric: uses chinese and canadian cultures meaning it doesnt focus on only one culture
- ethnocentric: the stories being told may have a cultural bias as it may only apply to western culture as linguistic translations may be different in different cultures
- canada cannot be used to illustrate all of western cultures and china cannot be used to represent all eastern cultures making it lack generalisability
10
Q
situational
how does lees research link to individual/situational
A
- shows that the situation that a child is brought up in will significantly change their moral thinking
- suggests that the levels of pre-conventional and post-conventional moral thinking reflecting the moral values of honesty and integrity, are not universal across all cultures
11
Q
determinism
how does lees research link to free will/determinism
A
- what determines our moral thinking is the culture in which we grow up in
12
Q
free will
how does lees research link to free will/determinism
A
- we have the free will to override our morality and do things which are immoral or amoral
13
Q
holism
how does lees research link to reductionism/holism
A
- our moral development is not simply a series of predetermined cognititive stages and instead it is the influence of society on our behaviour and the social cognitions which develop as a result of this
14
Q
how does lees study link to the developmental area
A
- it is looking at changes in childrens moral development not only by age but also by culture
- it is looking at the infleunce of both of these factors on a childs moral thinking
- the impact of social settings on the development of our thought processes
15
Q
key theme of lee
A
moral development
16
Q
how does lee link to the key theme
A
- the study shows that moral development still occurs as there are age related changes in moral thinking within cutures
17
Q
how does lee change our understanding about the key theme
A
- the study disagrees with kohlbergs theory of universal stages of moral thinking and suggests that cultural differences not only change the context of thinking but also the fundamental moral rules
- moral development and subsequent justifications about truth telling and lying is deeply affected by culture and the social environment individuals are raised in
18
Q
how does lee change our understanding of individual, social and cultural diversity
A
- cultural diversity: there is a clear cultural difference between childrens answers to the stories which suggests that culture can play a significant role in a childs moral development and it did this by looking at both boys and girls from the ages 7-11yrs
- ** individual diversity**: lee was able to study females and males and explain how both genders develop morally, based on culturak factors which was an improvement to kohkberg as he only studied males
- social diversity: culture is a social infleunce as both studies show cultural differences in moral development, this supports the idea that morals are influenced by the social, cultural environment that a child is brought up in .
19
Q
similarities between lee and kohlberg
A
- both studies used children as their participants
- both studies were looking at stages of moral development
- both studies gained qualitative data
- both studies had cross cultural aspects to them
- both studies collected data through self-report
- both studies involved partcipiants being presented with scenarios on which to comment
20
Q
differences between kohlberg and lee
A
- kohlbergs article explains how his research supports his theory whereas lee is more research focused
- kohlberg explains the universality of moral reasoning whereas lee shows cultural differences in moral rules
- kohlberg focuses on male particioants whereas lee has mixed gender samples
- kohlbergs research is a longnitudinal study whereas lee uses a snapshot study
- lee gained quantitative data which provided statistical analysis whereas kohlberg had qualitative data
the developmental area
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