lesson 1-4 Flashcards by Mariel Babatla

Muscular System Function

Movement
Posture
Heat production

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Attached to the
skeleton
- Controlled by
voluntary nervous
system via somatic
motor nerves in
spinal and in some
cranial nerves

Striated Voluntary
or Skeletal Muscle

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Composed of muscle fibers
bound together by

fascia

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Located
in muscle layer of
visceral organs
- Controlled by
autonomic nervous
system via autonomic
motor neuron in
autonomic, spinal, and
somecranialnerves

Smooth Involuntary or
Visceral Muscle

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Found in the heart
-Controlled by
autonomic nervous
system via autonomic
motor neuron in
autonomic, spinal,and
some cranial nerves
MUSCLE FIBER

Striated Involuntary or
Cardiac Muscle

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Electrical energy
transmitted along transverse
tubules
b. Calcium ion released
inactivates troponin which
normally blocks interaction
between myosin and actin
c. ATP released causes
actin to slide along myosin
filaments (contraction)

Muscle Fiber Contraction

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bends a
part
towards
another

Flexor

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straightens
a part
Triceps
brachii

Extensor

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draws a part
towards the
median line

Adductor

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draws
a part
away
fromthe
median
line

Abductor

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raises a
part

Levator

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lowers
a part
Serratus
anterior

Depressor

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closes an
opening
Sphincter papillae

Constrictor

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works
against a constrictor

Dilator

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bends
back of
hand
forward

Pronator

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bends
the
palm forward

Supinator

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turns
a part
Subsca
pularis

Rotator

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physical
enlargement of
a muscle due
to addition of
more
myofibrils to
the muscle
fibers making
them swell

Hypertrophy

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reduction in
the size of a
muscle due to
the decrease
in the number
of myofibrils
in the muscle
fibers.

Atrophy

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when a muscle has
contracted a few
times, subsequent
contractions are
more powerful;
this may be related
to the release of
increased
quantities of
Calcium ions

Treppe (Staircase Phenomenon)

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rapid, repetitive,
involuntary
skeletal muscle
contractions
stimulated by
hypothalamic
temperature- regulating
center.

Shivering

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caused by
sustained
muscle
contraction

Cramps

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strong association of
actin and myosin after
death due to ATP
depletion. However,
subsequent bacterial
decomposition of
muscle proteins brings
about relaxation (body
enters rigor state
about 24 hours after
death and comes out
of rigor about 24
hours later

Rigor Mortis

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Small sacs lined with
sinusoid membrane and
contains synovial fluid. - Located whenever
pressure is exerted over
moving parts like between
skin and bone, tendons
and bone, muscles or
ligaments and bones. - Act as cushions relieving
pressure between
moving parts.

Bursae

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Exchange of gases

Respiratory System

Exchange of gases between blood and air

External

Exchange of gases between blood and cells

Internal

Internal part in the skull above the roof of the oral cavity; external part protruding from the face - Opens to the exterior through the anterior nares and to the nasopharyngeal the posterior nares - Floor formed by the palatine bones and maxillae - Lined with ciliated mucosa - Serves as passageway for incoming and outgoing air filtering, warming, and moistening it - Sense organ of smell

Nose

behind the nose with four opening, two auditory or Eustachian and two posterior nares

Nasopharynx

behind the mouth with one opening, filtering from the oral cavity

Oropharynx

– behind the pharynx with two openings, into the larynx and into the esophagus

Laryngopharynx

found in the nasopharynx destroys incoming bacteria and detoxify foreign protein

Tonsils

Box-like cartilaginous structure located just below the pharynx

Larynx

Thyroid cartilage

Adam's Apple

Epiglottis

Lid Cartilage

“signet ring” cartilage

Cricoid

“pyramid shaped: cartilage

Arythenoid

folds of mucus lining

False Vocal Cords

fibro – elastic bands stretched across the interior of the larynx

True Vocal Cords

Cartilaginous tube 10 – 11 cm. in length extending fromlarynx to bronchi - Lined with ciliated mucosa - For passageway of air, to and from the lungs

Trachea

Cone-shape organs which completely fill the pleural spaces extending from slightly above the clavicle to the diaphragm where the base of the lungs rest - Covered by visceral pleura

Lungs

right and left formed by branching of trachea

Bronchi

smaller branches of bronchi

Bronchioles

ducts–microscopic branches of bronchioles

Alveolar

microscopic sacs at the ends of the alveolar ducts provided with a network of lung capillaries - Serves for the exchange of gases between blood and air

Alveoli

average amount expired after a normal respiration 500ml.

Tidal Air

largest additional volume of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal inspiration and expiration; 1,000- 1,200ml.

Expiratory reserved volume (ERV)

that which cannot be forcibly expired from lungs; about 1,200ml.

Residual Air

that which can never be removed from alveoli if they have been inflated even once ,even though lungs are subjected to atmospheric pressure that squeezes part of the residual air out.

Minimal Air

– approximate capacity of lungs as measured by amount of air that can be forcibly expired after forcible inspiration; varies with size of thoracic cavity, which is determined by various factors (size of rib cage, size of the heart).

Vital Capacity

normal quite breathing

Eupnoea

temporary cessation of breathing

Apnea

difficult breathing

Dyspnea

inability to breath easily in horizontal position

Orthopnea

excessively rapid and shallow breathing

Tachypnea

Functions of Digestive System

1. INGESTION OFFOOD 2. DIGESTION OFFOOD 3. ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED FOOD4. ELIMINATION OF UNDIGESTEDFOOD

STARTING FROM THE MOUTH AND ENDING IN THE ANUS

digestive tube

RESPONSIBLE FOR SECRETION OF DIGESTIVE JUICES CONTAINING ENZYMES FOR DIGESTION OF FOOD

digestive glands

LIKE LIPS, TEETH, TONGUE, WHICH AID IN THE PHYSICAL DIGESTION OFFOOD

accessory parts

ANTERIOR OPENING OF THE TUBE FOR THE ENTRANCE OF FOOD - SURROUNDED BY LIPS

mouth

CAVITY IMMEDIATELY POSTERIOR TO THE MOUTH AND BOUNDED BY THE - CHEEKS - TONGUE - HARD AND SOFT PALATE - TEETH - TONSILS

oral cavity

POSTERIOR PART OF THE ORAL CAVITY FOR PASSAGE OF FOOD AND AIR

pharynx

– COLLAPSIBLE MUSCULAR TUBE EXTENDING FROM THE PHARYNX THROUGH AN OPENING IN THE DIAPHRAGM (HIATUS) TO THE STOMACH - ABOUT 25 CM LONG AND 0.13 CM IN DIAMETER - SECRETES MUCUS AND FACILITATE PASSAGE OFFOOD

esophagus

HIGHLY MUSCULAR POUCH FOUND IN THE EPIGASTRIC AND LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC PORTIONS OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY - DIVIDED INTO A FUNDUS (UPPER PORTION TOWARDS THE LEFT), A BODY (CENTRAL PORTION) AND THE PYLORUS (ANTRUM) OR CONSTRICTED LOWER PORTION. - WITH A LESSER CURVATURE (UPPER RIGHT BORDER) AND GREATER CURVATURE (LOWER LEFT BORDER)

stomach

THIS GUARDS THE OPENING OF THE ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH

cardiac sphincter

THIS GUARDS THE OPENING OF THE PYLORUS INTO THE DUODENUM

pyloric sphincter

LONGEST PART OF THE DIGESTIVE TUBE APPROXIMATELY 6.1 METERS IN LENGTH A 2.5 CM IN DIAMETER. - RECEIVES SECRETIONS FROM THE LIVER, GALL BLADDER, AND PANCREAS - SITE OFFINAL DIGESTION OFFOOD AND ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED FOOD.

Small Intestine

provide juices that neutralizes acids

duodenum

color is red because of extensive food supply, rapid and vigorous

jejenum

blood supply is limited, peristaltic movement are slower

illium

MOST POSTERIOR PART OF THE DIGESTIVE TUBE APPROXIMATELY 1.5M LONG, AND 6.3 CM. IN DIAMETER -FOR WATER AND NA ION ABSORPTION AND TEMPORARY STORAGE OFFECAL MATTER

Large intestine

absorbs fluid and salts

cecum

lubricate waste products

colon

terminal segment of the digestive system in which feces accumulate

rectum

terminal opening of digestive tube for defecation

anus

digestive glands

Salivary, Gastric, Goblet Cells, Liver

salivary gland

mouth

3 types of salivary gland and its location

parotid- below the ear sub-mandibular- angle of jaw sublingual- under the tongue

MICROSCOPIC GLANDS FOUND IN THE GASTRIC MUCOSA - SECRETE GASTRIC JUICE PROVIDED WITH ENZYMES

gastric glands

MICROSCOPIC UNICELLULAR GLANDS FOUND IN THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA - SECRETE INTESTINALJUICE OR SUCCUSENTERICUS WITH ENZYMES

Goblet Cells

LARGEST GLAND DIVIDED INTOLOBES

Liver

GLYCOGENESIS, GLUCONEOGENESIS, GLYCOLYSIS

carbohydrate metabolism

KETOGENESIS, SYNTHESIS OF GLYCERIDES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL; STORAGE OFFATS

fat metabolism

VARIOUS PROTEINS SYNTHESIS, DEAMINATION, UREA FORMATION

protein metabolism

IMPORTANT FOR THE EMULSIFICATION OF FATS PRIOR TO DIGESTION AND SERVE AS A MEDIUM FOR EXCRETION OF CHOLESTEROL AND BILE PIGMENTS

secretes bile

LARGE LOBULATED GLAND WHICH IS BOTH AN ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLAND

pancreas

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONVERSION OFFOOD TO SIMPLE ABSORBABLE FORMS.

digestion

Provides communication between widely separated body parts through transportation of hormones, nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, water, leucocytes, and antibodies.

Circulatory system

transporting medium

blood

Liquid part - Composed of 90% water, ions, and proteins in the form of albumins and globulins b. Formed elements or Red Blood Cells

plasma

blood liters

4-6

- Biconcave disc - Formed in red marrowof vertebrae, sternum, ribs, iliac crest, clavicle, scapulae, and skull - Principal component is hemoglobin formed within the erythrocyte utilizing copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, and Vitamin B6 whichfunction to bind oxygen throughiron heme and carbon dioxide through globulin portion

Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells

other term for white blood cell

leucocyte

originates in bone marrow

granulocytes

Bacteria and Fungi

neutrophil

Release histamine for anti-inflammatory response

basophil

Large parasites/ parasitic infections

eosinophil

originates in bone marrow and lymphatic tissue

agranulocytes

responsible for the destruction of pathogens by phagocytosis

monocyte

responsible for triggering a specific immune response.

lymphocyte

Anucleate cellular fragments associated with hemostasis - Originate from fragmentation of megakaryocytes in bone marrow

Thrombocytes or Blood Platelets

means that RBC have an antigens

type A

means that RBC has no antigens

type O

special proteins that fight off and destroy disease-causing germs.

antibodies

foreign substance introduced into the body and causes immune response ;molecules produced by the body.

antigen

highly muscular pumping organ located in the pericardial cavity enclosed by a pericardium

heart

tubes of varying diameters through which blood passes: arteries, veins, and capillaries

blood vessels

Blood flow through the circuit of vessels

circulation

it is the blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta, other arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins to the right atrium of the heart

systematic circulation

– it is the blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery to lung arterioles, capillaries and venules , and veins, to left atrium

pulmonary circulation

carries oxygenated blood away from heart

systematic circulation

carries deoxygenated blood away from heart

pulmonary circulation

blood flow from the capillaries, venules, and veins of stomach, intestines, spleen, pancreas, and gall bladder into portal veins, liver sinusoids to hepatic veins, to inferior vena cava, to right atrium of the heart

Hepatic-portal circulation

heart rate, number of time heart beats each minute

pulse

lesson 1-4 Flashcards

(114 cards)