a typology that attempts to classify the different sources from which knowledge and beliefs in professional practice can be or have been derived
fundamental pattern of knowing
who proposed the fundamental pattern of knowing in 1978
Barbara A. Carper
in 1995, identified another pattern of knowing which is socio-political
Jill White
In 2008, introduced the pattern of emancipatory knowing because of its link to underlying critical social perspectives and its interference as an outcome of nursing practice
Chin and Kramer
the ability to recognize social and political problems of injustice or inequity, to realize that things could be different, and to identify or participate in social and political change to improve people’s lives
Emancipatory
the scientific discipline of nursing
Empirical
the moral directions of nursing
Ethical
method by which nurses approach their clients
Personal
deals with the emphatic aspect of nursing
Aesthetics
the praxis of nursing
Socio-political /emancipatory
The principal form relating to factual and descriptive knowing aimed at the expansion of abstract & theoretical explanations
Empirical Knowing
Focuses on evidence-based research for effective and accurate nursing practice
Empirical Knowing
First primary model of knowing (Kenney, 1996)
Empirical Knowing
It is where most theory and research development is concentrated and some conceptual forms have better capacity to explain nursing phenomena than others
Empirical Knowing
- It uses a form of evidence in making clinical judgment
- Involves accurate and thoughtful decision making about health care delivery system
- Based on results of the most relevant and supported evidences
- Bridges the gap of nursing practice and research
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)
Six characteristics of Quality Health Care that Reinforces Aspects of EBP
- C=client-centered
- A=attuned with system policies and resources
- S=scientifically-based
- P=population outcome based
- I=individualized to client’s needs
- D=developed thru quality and improvement and bench marking
- Related to understanding what is significance to particular clients such as feelings, attitudes, points of view (Carper, 1978).
- A manifestation of creative and expressive styles of the nurse.( Kenney, 1996)
Aesthetic Knowing
the ability for sharing or vividly understanding another’s feeling. This is the primary form of aesthetic knowing
EMPATHY
- Used in the process of giving appropriate nursing care through understanding the uniqueness of every patient, thus emphasizing use of creative and practical styles of care
Aesthetic Knowing
- Requires knowledge of different philosophical positions regarding what is good and right in making moral actions and decisions particularly in the theoretical and clinical components of nursing
- Involves knowing the judgment of right and wrong in relation to intentions, reasons and attributes of individuals and situations
- Deeply rooted in the concepts of human dignity, service and respect for life.
Ethical Knowing
- It includes all deliberate nursing actions involving and under the jurisdiction of ethics and professionalism (Kenney, 1996)
- Code of morals or code of ethics is the main basis for ethical knowing.
Ethical Knowing
- Encompasses knowledge of the self in relation to others and self.
- Involves entirely the Nurse-Patient Relationship.
- Focused on realizing, meeting and defining the real, true self or “self-awareness”
- Involves therapeutic use of self; the key in comprehending health. In terms of personal well-being
Personal Knowing
- The most difficult to master and to teach; it takes a lot of time to fully know the nature of one self in relation to the whole world
- It stresses that human beings are not in a fixed state but are constantly engaged in a dynamic state of changes (Kenney, 1996)
Personal Knowing
- The praxis of nursing- requires an understanding of how to connect with and motivate people where they are
- Nursing politics & policies, developed by means of paying attention to all relevant voices in healthcare situations so to describe the social, cultural, and political contexts of nurse-patient interactions and of all healthcare settings
Socio-political/Emancipatory
