Lesson 2

Question 1

What is required for sexual reproduction?

Answer 1

The combination of genetic material from two individuals.

Question 2

What are the two types of cells involved in sexual reproduction?

Answer 2

Somatic cells and reproductive cells (gametes).

Question 3

What are somatic cells?

Answer 3

Cells that make up the organism’s body, including muscles and blood.

Question 4

What are gametes?

Answer 4

Reproductive cells; male gametes are called sperm and female gametes are called eggs.

Question 5

What is the diploid number of chromosomes in human somatic cells?

Answer 5

46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs.

Question 6

What does diploid mean?

Answer 6

Having two sets of chromosomes, written as 2n.

Question 7

What is the haploid number of chromosomes in gametes?

Answer 7

23 chromosomes, or ‘n’ in number.

Question 8

What is fertilization?

Answer 8

The process where sperm and egg combine to form a zygote.

Question 9

What is a zygote?

Answer 9

The fertilized egg cell formed from the combination of gametes.

Question 10

What is meiosis?

Answer 10

The process by which gametes are formed, producing haploid cells.

Question 11

What are the two stages of meiosis?

Answer 11

Meiosis I (reduction stage) and Meiosis II (division stage).

Question 12

What happens during meiosis I?

Answer 12

Chromosomes are reduced from diploid to haploid.

Question 13

What occurs during meiosis II?

Answer 13

The paired chromosomes are separated, resulting in four haploid sex cells.

Question 14

What is the outcome of mitosis?

Answer 14

Identical diploid daughter cells for growth and repair.

Question 15

What is the outcome of meiosis?

Answer 15

Four haploid daughter cells (gametes) for sexual reproduction.

Question 16

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 16

Sexual reproduction requires a male and female to provide the gametes necessary for the production of a zygote.

Question 17

Why has sexual reproduction evolved as a successful strategy?

Answer 17

Combining genetic materials from two parents results in greater genetic variability and more genetically healthy species.

Question 18

What will you be able to do after completing this lesson?

Answer 18

Interpret diagrams illustrating the formation of egg and sperm sex cells and explain fertilization in animals and plants.

Question 19

What are the key terms related to sexual reproduction?

Answer 19

Anther, Stamen, Pollen, Pollen tube, Ovary, Sperm, Pistil, Seed, Testes, Gonads, Embryo.

Question 20

What is the process of sexual reproduction in animals?

Answer 20

Gametes are formed by meiosis, the male gamete (sperm) combines with the female gamete (egg), and the embryo develops through cell division (mitosis) to a mature offspring.

Question 21

What are the reproductive organs that produce gametes in animals?

Answer 21

The gametes are produced in reproductive organs called gonads.

Question 22

How is a zygote formed?

Answer 22

Two gametes with 23 chromosomes each combine to form a single zygote with 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 23

What occurs after fertilization in the zygote formation process?

Answer 23

Cell duplication occurs by mitosis after fertilization has taken place.

Question 24

What two requirements must be met for the sexual reproduction cycle to be completed in animals?

Answer 24

The male and female gametes must come together, and the zygote must receive food, moisture, warmth, and protection.

Question 25

What is the male sex cell in plants called?

Answer 25

The male sex cell is called pollen.

Question 26

How does pollen reach the egg in plants?

Answer 26

Pollen is transferred by wind or insects to the stigma of the pistil and grows a pollen tube to the egg in the ovary.

Question 27

What happens after fertilization in plants?

Answer 27

The egg develops into an embryo, and eventually, seeds are produced.

Question 28

What is an example of a fruit that contains seeds produced through sexual reproduction?

Answer 28

The apple is an example of a fruit that contains seeds produced in this way.

Question 29

What is the common method for sexual reproduction in plants and animals?

Answer 29

Both require meiosis for gamete formation, a male gamete to unite with a female gamete for fertilization, and the fertilized egg to replicate through mitosis to produce a viable offspring.

Question 30

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 30

Sexual reproduction is a reproductive strategy involving two parents, where each contributes half of the genetic information to the offspring.

Question 31

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 31

Asexual reproduction is a reproductive strategy involving one parent, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

Question 32

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 32

Advantages include rapid population increase, no need for a partner, and offspring well adapted to the environment.

Question 33

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 33

Disadvantages include lack of genetic variability, sensitivity to environmental changes, and risk of extinction from catastrophes.

Question 34

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 34

Advantages include increased genetic variability, better adaptation to changing environments, and shared parental care.

Question 35

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 35

Disadvantages include the energy cost of finding a mate, potential vulnerability during mating, and unpredictable genetic outcomes.

Question 36

What is genetic variation?

Answer 36

Genetic variation refers to the differences in DNA among individuals, which can enhance survival and adaptation.

Question 37

What are hermaphrodites?

Answer 37

Hermaphrodites are organisms that possess both male and female reproductive organs, allowing them to reproduce without a partner.

Question 38

What is conjugation?

Answer 38

Conjugation is a process in which two bacteria exchange genetic material through a bridge formed between them.

Question 39

What are plasmids?

Answer 39

Plasmids are small loops of DNA that can be transferred between bacteria during conjugation.

Question 40

How do adaptations enhance reproductive success?

Answer 40

Adaptations such as behavior, appearance, and mating calls improve the chances of survival and reproduction in changing environments.

Question 41

What role do mating calls play in reproduction?

Answer 41

Mating calls attract females, indicate male desirability, establish territories, and help identify species.

Question 42

What are pheromones?

Answer 42

Pheromones are chemical signals produced by animals that influence behavior, including mating and social interactions.

Question 43

What is courtship behavior?

Answer 43

Courtship behavior includes rituals performed by animals to attract mates and establish territory.

Question 44

How does the number of offspring produced relate to reproductive success?

Answer 44

Species producing many offspring may not invest in their care, while those producing fewer offspring often provide more parental care.