1
Q
2 principal kinds of cells
A
neuroglia
neuron
2
Q
the “nerve glue” or the cells that support the neurons of the CNS
A
NEUROGLIA
3
Q
-glia means
A
glue
4
Q
Function of neuroglia
A
support
insulation
nutrition
protection
5
Q
6 types of neuroglia
A
SESAMO:
schwann cells
ependymal
satellite cells
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
6
Q
astro means
A
star
7
Q
-cyte means
A
cell
8
Q
- star-shaped cells with many processes
A
astrocytes
9
Q
2 types of astrocytes
A
protoplasmic
fibrous
10
Q
- astrocytes with many short branching processes (location: gray matter)
A
protoplasmic astrocytes
11
Q
- long unbranched processes (location: mainly
white matter)
A
fibrous astrocytes
12
Q
- help to maintain the appropriate chemical environment for the generation of nerve impulses.
A
astrocytes
13
Q
- Also play a role in learning and memory by influencing the formation of neural synapses
A
astrocytes
14
Q
Help forms the Blood Brain Barrier
A
astrocytes
15
Q
it restricts the movement of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid of the CNS
A
blood-brain barrier
16
Q
3 components of BBB
A
- astrocytes and astrocytic feet/processes
- capillary basement membrane/basal lamina with embedded pericytes
- tight junction between overlapping endothelial cells of the brain capillaries
17
Q
encircle the capillaries secrete chemicals that maintain the permeability characteristics of the tight junctions
A
astrocytes and astrocytic feet/processes
18
Q
cover the basal lamina of the endothelium and
contribute to the structural integrity of the BBB
A
pericytes
19
Q
Substances may cross the BBB primarily by two mechanisms:
A
paracellular transport
transcellular transport
20
Q
oligo means
A
few
21
Q
o-dendro means
A
trees
22
Q
these resemble astrocytes but are smaller and contain fewer processes
A
oligodendrocytes
23
Q
Give support by forming semi-rigid connective tissue rows between neurons in the CNS
A
oligodendrocytes
24
Q
Produce phospho-lipid for the myelin sheath around axons of neurons in the CNS - responsible for forming and maintaining the myelin sheath around CNS axons
A
oligodendrocytes
25
These neuroglia are small cells with slender processes that give off numerous spinelike projections
microglia/brain macrophages/microglial cells
26
act as macrophages
microglia
27
epen means
above
28
-dym means
garment
29
cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia
ependymal cells
30
FUNCTION:
a. Form a continuous epithelial lining for the ventricles of the brain & the central canal of the spinal cord
b. Assist in the formation & circulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain & the central canal of the spinal cord
ependymal cells
31
outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the schwann cell which encloses the myelin sheath
neurolemma
32
participate in axon regeneration, which is more easily
accomplished in the PNS than in the CNS
Schwann cells
33
- form myelin sheath around axons of neurons of the peripheral nervous system
schwann cells
34
These flat cells surround the cell bodies of neurons of PNS ganglia
satellite cells
35
Function:
a. Provides structural support,
b. Regulate the exchanges of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid
satellite cells
36
e basic functional unit of the nervous system. They are the primary cells of the nervous system
neuron/nerve cells
37
Its primary function is the conduction of
impulses from one part of the body to another
neuron/nerve cells
38
Nerve impulses travel at speeds ranging
0.5-130 meters per second (1-290 mi/hr)
39
fuel source for neurons
glucose
39
fuel source for neurons
glucose
39
fuel source for neurons
glucose
40
highly specialized cells
neuron
41
The main portion of a neuron and contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
cell body
42
The main portion of a neuron and contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
cell body
43
- clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis in neurons
Nissl bodies
43
- clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis in neurons
Nissl bodies
44
cytoskeleton of the cell body that gives cell shape and support
neurofibril
45
assist movement of material to and from the cell body and axon
microtubules
45
assist movement of material to and from the cell body and axon
microtubules
46
assist movement of material to and from the cell body and axon
microtubules
47
- yellow brown granules in the cytoplasm
- can be found in aging neurons that is result of accumulated neuronal lysosomes
Lipofuscin
47
- yellow brown granules in the cytoplasm
- can be found in aging neurons that is result of accumulated neuronal lysosomes
Lipofuscin
48
- yellow brown granules in the cytoplasm
- can be found in aging neurons that is result of accumulated neuronal lysosomes
Lipofuscin
49
- short with often highly branching cytoplasmic extension
- the receiving or input portions of a neuron
dendrites
50
- long thin, cylindrical projection that joins the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called axon hillock
axon
51
part of the axon closest to the axon hillock
initial segment
52
cytoplasm of axon
axoplasm
53
plasma membrane surrounding the axoplasm
axolemma
54
side branches along the length of an axon, typically at a right angle to the axon
axon collateral
55
a multi-layered lipid and protein covering of an axon
which insulates the axon and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction
myelin sheath
56
impulse propagation/transmission that skips
from node to node, providing rapid transmission of impulses
saltatory conduction
57
unmyelinated gaps between segments of the myelin
sheath
node of ranvier
58
fine processes where the axon/axon collaterals end
axon terminal/axon telodendria
59
bulb-shaped structures at the tips of axon terminal
synaptic end bulbs
60
membrane-enclosed sacs of the synaptic end bulbs
which store neurotransmitters
synaptic vesicles
61
Classification of neurons according to structure:
Unipolar, bipolar neurons, multipolar neurons
62
-most common
-multiple dendrites, one axon
-example: neurons in the CNS
multipolar neurons
63
- have 2 distinct processes: one main dendrite and one axon arising from the cell body
- very rare types of neurons
- example: sensory receptor cells in some special sense organs
bipolar neurons
64
- are made up of only one projection from the cell body
64
- are made up of only one projection from the cell body
- short neurons
unipolar
65
classification of neurons according to function
- sensory/afferent
- motor/efferent
66
- are structurally multipolar, carry impulses from the CNS
to other parts of the body to effectors (muscles and glands) in the periphery through cranial or spinal nerves
motor neurons
67
- They receive stimuli/info from either the internal or external environment thru the AFFERENT/SENSORY nerve pathways
sensory neuron
68
- that are also structurally multipolar
- interprets/process the information received in order to determine appropriate response to take
interneuron/connecting neurons
69
- a universal term for any neuronal process (extension)
whether dendrite or axon, that emerges from the cell body of a neuron.
nerve fiber
70
bundle of many nerve fibers
nerve
71
cluster of cell bodies in the CNS
nuclei
72
small groups of nervous tissue containing primarily of cell bodies which are found in the PNS
GANGLIA
73
bundle of nerve fibers in the CNS
tract
74
connective tissue sheaths:
- endoneurium
- perineurium
- epineurium
75
- are thin connective tissue sheath that surrounds each nerve fiber/axon
endoneurium
76
- surrounds bundles of axons known as fascicles
perineurium
77
- surround an entire nerve
epineurium
78
- conduct nerve impulses from the skin, skeletal
muscles and joints to the CNS
General somatic afferent fibers
79
- conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle
General somatic efferent fibers
80
- conduct nerve impulses from the viscera and blood vessels to the CNS
General Visceral Afferent Fibers
81
- convey nerve impulses from the CNS TO HELP CONTRACTIONS OF SMOOTH AND CARDIAC MUSCLES AND RATE OF SECRETION OF GLANDS
General Visceral Efferent fibers
Kimmy: Nervous System
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