LESSON #5: FALLACIES

Question 1

Distinguishing Truth from Opinions

Answer 1

• Origin and Legitimacy
• Relevance and Dependability
• Context and Purpose
• Prejudice and Assumptions
• Generalization and Proofs

Question 2

Takes into account the credentials, reputation, and trustworthiness of the source of information.

Answer 2

ORIGIN AND LEGITIMACY

Question 3

• How well-researched the content and the source of information is.
• Checks if the claims are oversimplified, and if the given evidence supports the conclusions.

Answer 3

RELEVANCE AND DEPENDABILITY

Question 4

• Checks the intent and goals of the author to the readers.
• Is it persuasion or propaganda?

Answer 4

CONTEXT AND PURPOSE

Question 5

Checks for bias, emotionally charged and provocative language, or unsupported opinions.

Answer 5

PREJUDICE AND ASSUMPTIONS

Question 6

• Checks if it considers multiple perspectives and all of the relevant factors.
• Also examines the validity of the evidence.

Answer 6

GENERALIZATION AND PROOFS

Question 7

Usage of faulty reasoning or wrong moves in constructing arguments.

Answer 7

FALLACIES

Question 8

• Premise and conclusion are unsound.
• A human eats meat. Dogs eat meat, so all humans are dogs.

Answer 8

FORMAL

Question 9

• Misuse of language and evidence.
• “We need better rules.”
  “So gusto mo diktador ruler natin?”

Answer 9

INFORMAL

Question 10

• Drawing a conclusion based on an insufficient sample size.
• Sample S is a very small sample taken from Population P. Conclusion is taken from sample S and applied to P.

Answer 10

HASTY GENERALIZATION

Question 11

“Uy nandaya silang dalawa, grabe talaga section nila”

Answer 11

HASTY GENERALIZATION

Question 12

• Concluding using unqualified generalizations.
• Xs are normally Ys. A is an X, but A is abnormal. Therefore A is a Y.

Answer 12

DICTO SIMPLICITER (Sweeping Generalization)

Question 13

“It is bad to cut other people, therefore surgeons are not allowed to cut others.”

Answer 13

DICTO SIMPLICITER (Sweeping Generalization)

Question 14

• Mistaking correlation for causation.
• A occurred then B happened, therefore A caused B.

Answer 14

POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC

Question 15

“Si justin kasi kumanta, yan tuloy di umuulan”

Answer 15

POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC

Question 16

• Using emotion instead of reason.
• X is true because X is pathetic.

Answer 16

AD MISERECORDIAM (Appeal to Pity)

Question 17

“Ako naman magleader, namatay kasi aso ko”

Answer 17

AD MISERECORDIAM (Appeal to Pity)

Question 18

• Two things that are not comparable are treated as if they are.
• A is like B and B has property P. Therefore A also has property P.

Answer 18

FALSE ANALOGY

Question 19

“Ang kotse kelangan ng gas, kaya ako kelangan ko ng shabu”

Answer 19

FALSE ANALOGY

Question 20

• Making a what-if scenario knowing that no one can know for sure what will happen in that scenario.
• If event X did(nt) happen, then event Y would(nt) have happened.

Answer 20

HYPOTHESIS CONTRARY TO FACT

Question 21

“What if di ko siya inaway? Edi… kami pa hanggang ngayon”

Answer 21

HYPOTHESIS CONTRARY TO FACT

Question 22

• Attacking someone’s character before they can even speak.
• X has a negative personality, so X is false.

Answer 22

POISONING THE WELL

Question 23

“Wag ka makinig dyan 10/45 lang yan sa KPW” before the person can even speak.

Answer 23

POISONING THE WELL

Question 24

1.

• Using (threats of) violence to make someone side with you.
• If you don’t accept X as true, you are in big trouble.

Answer 24

ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM (Appeal to Force)

Question 25

“If di ka manahimik, sasakalin kita”

Answer 25

ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM (Appeal to Force)

Question 26

Claiming something is true just because many people believe it. X is popular, therefore X is true.

Answer 26

ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM (Appeal to Popularity)

Question 27

“Sabi nila walang quiz ngayon, edi wala yan for sure”

Answer 27

ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM (Appeal to Popularity)

Question 28

* Saying the harmed was the harmer. * X is a victim, so X is at fault.

Answer 28

BLAMING THE VICTIM

Question 29

“Mayaman ka kasi kaya ka nanakawan, kaya mo naman yan palitan agad.”

Answer 29

BLAMING THE VICTIM

Question 30

# 1. * The conclusion is just a restatement of the premise. * X is true because of Y. Y is true because of X.

Answer 30

CIRCULAR REASONING

Question 31

“Trustworthy ako kasi never ako nagsisinungaling. Never ako nagsisinungaling kaya trustworthy ako”

Answer 31

CIRCULAR REASONING

Question 32

* Asking an answer to a question with a built in assumption. * Question X is asked that requires implied claim Y to be accepted before X can be answered.

Answer 32

COMPLEX QUESTION

Question 33

“Have you stopped cheating?”

Answer 33

COMPLEX QUESTION

Question 34

* Using an ambiguous term in more than one sense. * X means A, X also means B. Therefore A means B.

Answer 34

EQUIVOCATION

Question 35

“Sabi nila parking fine kaya akala ko pwede lang magpark🥀”

Answer 35

EQUIVOCATION

Question 36

* Presenting only two options when more correct options exist. * Either X or Y is true. All other options are false.

Answer 36

FALSE DILEMMA

Question 37

“Either mageexercise ka or mamamatay ka.”

Answer 37

FALSE DILEMMA

Question 38

* Justifying bad behavior using past good actions done by one. * X is always good, so X is excused when doing bad things.

Answer 38

MORAL LICENSING

Question 39

“Naku di yan magnanakaw, nagdonate nga yan dati ng sardinas sa orphanage”

Answer 39

MORAL LICENSING

Question 40

* One small action leads to a chain of extreme and negative consequences. * If A, then B, then C, …ultimately Z!

Answer 40

SLIPPERY SLOPE

Question 41

“First its gay rights, next its legalized pedophilia”

Answer 41

SLIPPERY SLOPE

Question 42

* Something is true because a famous person endorses it. * X is a celebrity, so everything X endorses is true.

Answer 42

CELEBRITY APPEAL

Question 43

“Trump said COVID was a hoax, so I'm trusting him.”

Answer 43

ARGUMENTUM AD VERECUNDIAM (Appeal to Authority)

Question 44

“Im buying Nike because my pookie LeBron uses them.”

Answer 44

CELEBRITY APPEAL

Question 45

* Using an authority’s opinion as evidence, even if they know nothing. * X is an expert, so X’s claim is true.

Answer 45

ARGUMENTUM AD VERECUNDIAM (Appeal to Authority)

Question 46

* Discussing something irrelevant from the actual issue. * A is represented by 1. B introduces 2. Argument A is abandoned.

Answer 46

RED HERRING

Question 47

“Bat ka late?” “Sir panget ng alarm ng iPhone”

Answer 47

RED HERRING

Question 48

* Purposely misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it targetable. * Person 1 makes claim Y. Person 2 distorts Y and attacks the distorted version. Therefore, Y is false.

Answer 48

STRAW MAN

Question 49

“Wag nyo ielect si Quiboloy” “So ayaw mo sa freedom of choice?”

Answer 49

STRAW MAN