1
Q
distinct feeling or quality of consciousness and it is private
and subjective
A
Emotion
2
Q
What are the theories of emotion?
A
• James-Lange Theory
• Cannon-Bard Theory
• Schachter’s Cognitive Theory of Emotion
3
Q
William James suggested that our
emotions follow our behavioral
responses, and was agreed by Karl
Lange
A
James-Lange Theory
4
Q
external stimulus → arousal and
action → appraisal of arousal and
action → emotion
A
James-Lange Theory
5
Q
Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
suggested that an event might
simultaneously trigger bodily
responses (arousal and action) and
emotion
A
Cannon-Bard Theory
6
Q
external stimuli → processing by
brain ⇉ arousal;emotion
A
Cannon-Bard Theory
7
Q
Stanley Schachter asserts that many
emotions have similar patterns of
bodily arousal but that the labels we
give them depend largely on our
cognitive appraisal of our situations
A
Schachter’s Cognitive Theory of Emotion
8
Q
external stimuli;physiological arousal
⇉ interpretation of arousal →
emotion
A
Schachter’s Cognitive Theory of Emotion
9
Q
Types of Emotions
A
- Primary
- Mixed
10
Q
Basic emotions
A
Primary
11
Q
joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness,
disgust, anger and anticipation
(Plutchik)
A
Primary
12
Q
Blended basic emotions
A
Mixed
13
Q
awe, disappointment, remorse,
aggression
A
Mixed
14
Q
Emotions are used in order to
____________ and ___________ other
A
communicate, influence
15
Q
Emotions can be utilized to
__________ and _______________
A
organize, motivate action
16
Q
Emotions can be ______________
A
self-validating
17
Q
Emotions gives ______ to people’s
lives and give them their needed
_____ ___ __________
A
color, depth and differentiation
18
Q
Physiologically, emotions aid
individuals for _________
A
survival
19
Q
Emotions can help people ________
their social behavior and _______
their interactions with others
A
monitor, regulate
20
Q
_______________________ of emotions in
forms of body language mean
different things
A
Outward expressions
21
Q
Emotion can motivate _________
A
Behaviors
22
Q
What are the effects of emotions?
A
- Positive attitudes and emotions can help increase your health
- Positive attitudes and emotions can
help improve one’s self concept
23
Q
internal state or condition, sometimes described as need,
desire, or want that serves to activate or energize a behavior
A
Motivation
24
Q
What are the nature of motivation?
A
- Everybody is motivated
- Reasons of behaving
- Motivation can be conscious or
unconscious - Motivation can be internal or
external locus of control
25
What are the theories of motivation?
1. Instinct Theory
2. Homeostatic Theory
3. Arousal Theory
4. Incentive Theory
5. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
6. ERG Theory
7. Mcclelland's Needs
8. Herzberg's Two-Factor Model
9. Expectancy Theory
26
there is an innate biological force
causing an organism to act in a
certain way
Instinct Theory
27
automatic, unlearned, or reflexive
behavior
Instinct Theory
28
organisms attempt to maintain
homeostasis, by adjusting themselves
to the demands of the environment
Homeostatic Theory
29
starts from need, followed by drive
- primary drive
- secondary drive
Homeostatic Theory
30
they seek to maintain an optimal
level of arousal
Arousal Theory
31
extroverts – low levels of cortisol
introverts – high level of cortisol
Arousal Theory
32
people and animal are likely to be
activated because they have the
tendency to be pulled toward a
specific goal, and they will perform the behavior in order to accomplish these goals
Incentive Theory
33
Hedonism
Incentive Theory
34
our needs are prioritized from
physiological, to biological, to social,
and up to spiritual
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
35
needs at the lower levels had to be
satisfied before one could focus on
satisfying needs at the higher levels
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
36
What are Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
(from top to bottom)
- Self-Actualisation
- Esteem
- Love & Belonging
- Safety Needs
- Physiological Needs
37
Desire to become the most that one can be
Self-Actualisation
38
Respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
Esteem
39
Friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection
Love & Belonging
40
Personal security, employment, resources, health, property
Safety Needs
41
Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
Physiological Needs
42
What are under Erg Theory?
- Existence
- Relatedness
- Growth
43
basic material and
physiological needs
Existence
44
interpersonal
connections
Relatedness
45
needs for personal
development, self-improvement,
and fulfilling one's potential
Growth
46
What are under McClelland's Needs?
- Achievement
- Affiliation
- Power
47
competitive
success
Achievement
48
friendly
relationships
Affiliation
49
influence others
Power
50
What are under Herzberg's Two-Factor Model
1. Motivators
2. Hygiene
51
factors that really
motivate people; job satisfaction
Motivators
52
when present, these factors
motivate employees; while their absence does not
necessarily cause
dissatisfaction; it just results in
a lack of motivation
Motivators
53
factors that are
dissatisfiers; prevent
dissatisfaction
Hygiene
54
if these factors are absent or
inadequate, employees
become dissatisfied; while
their presence only prevents
dissatisfaction and does not
motivate
Hygiene
55
What are under Expectancy Theory?
1. Expectancy
2. Instrumentality
3. Valence
56
belief that
increased effort will lead to
improved performance
Expectancy
57
belief that if
you perform well, it will lead to a
specific outcome or reward
Instrumentality
58
value or importance
an individual places on the reward
or outcome
Valence
59
Can be defined by particular constellations of bodily responses. Specifically, these responses involve autonomously innervated visceral organs, like the heart or stomach
Emotional states
60
What are the elements of emotion?
1. The Body
2. The Mind
3. The Culture
61
Under "the body"
Primary emotions
Secondary emotions
62
It is said that thoughts may create emotions.
The Mind
63
This theory states that emotions are brought by physiological arousal and cognitive labelling. in order to have emotion, both factors are required.
two factor theory
64
Determines what people feel angry, sad, lonely, happy, and ashamed or disgusted about. Some cultures have words for specific emotions unknown to other cultures.
The Culture
65
What are the areas of emotion?
1. facial expressions
2. brain regions and circuits
3. the autonomic nervous system
66
primary emotions are universal expression of human emotions
facial expressions
67
The amygdala is responsible for assessing any eminent threat. Damage to the amygdala may result in abnormality to process fear. While the left profontal cortex is involved in motivation to approach others and damage may result in loss of joy. The right prefrontal cortex is involved in withdrawal and escape where in damage and the area may result in excessive mania and euphoria.
brain regions and circuits
68
damage to the amygdala may result in ____________
abnormality to process fear
69
left prefrontal cortex is involved in motivation to approach others in damage may result in _____________
loss of joy
70
right prefrontal cortex is involved in withdrawal and escape were in damage on the area may result in ___________
excessive mania and euphoria
71
During the experience of an intense emotion two kinds of hormones are released
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
72
What are the characteristics of emotion?
1. Adaptive
2. Physiological changes
3. Emotional expressions
4. Emotional feelings
73
Emotion can be adaptive and help us deal with changing environment or stress. This is to survive and react to situations
Adaptive
74
Changes within the body. These are involuntary reactions of the body like heart rate blood pressure and other bodily reactions.
Physiological changes
75
These are manifestations of what the person feels. This is what we see or hear or what you feel
Emotional expressions
76
The experience is that the person may gather will reflect on his responses. Inner awareness of your feelings and what you feel inside.
Emotional feelings
77
Darwin's original idea was that emotions evolved by a natural selection for reasons of warning other creatures about their intentions. Emotions were no longer functional but are functional associated habits.
The Evolutionary Perspective
78
What are the several factors of influence the optimum level of arousal for an individual on any particular task?
1. task difficulty
2. task familiarity
3. individual differences
79
High level of arousal if the task is considered to be easy and simple. Being familiar with the task can help change what might be difficult into something that is perceived to be a little easier.
task difficulty
80
If a task is familiar a higher level of arousal will allow you to achieve optimum performance.
task familiarity
81
Identify the best level of arousal to suit for himself. There are individuals who seem to work better under stress while others prefer a more relaxed or sedate way.
individual differences
82
What are the development of emotions?
1. General excitement is the only emotional response newborn infants clearly express
2. Emotional life blossoms rapidly
3. Adults control and develop gestures that can become unique to various culture
83
all basic human emotions appear before age ___
2
84
manifest negative behaviour caused by himself
internal locus of control
85
negative behaviour to the poor living environment
external locus control
86
According to this theory of Sigmund Freud, sexual or libidinal and aggressive wishes are the primary motivating forces in human life.
Freudian concept of motivation
87
American psychologist Magda B. Arnold stated that there are three components of motivation
1. direction
2. effort
3. persistence
88
this is what a person is trying to do
direction
89
this is how hard a person is trying
effort
90
this is how long a person keeps on trying
persistence
91
What are the two types of factors that influence motivation?
1. Intrinsic
2. Extrinsic
92
These are self-generated factors such as responsibility, freedom to act, scope to use, and develop skills and abilities. This motivation usually has deeper and longer term effect.
Intrinsic
93
These are motivations coming from the people around the individual. It may be in the form of rewards promotion or even punishment. has an immediate and powerful effect but won't necessarily last long.
Extrinsic
94
This is based on the belief that all behaviours are motivated by unsatisfied needs.
Needs Theory
95
what are the dichotomies of goal theory?
1. mastery or performance
2. task or ego involvement
3. approach or avoidance goals
96
individuals desire to become proficient in a certain topic to the best of his or her ability
mastery or performance
97
is associated with higher intrinsic motivation. fast involvement the individuals is less threatening to failure because the ego is not tied up in the success of the task
task or ego involvement
98
basically, not all goals are directed towards approaching a positive outcome, goals can also be directed towards avoiding an undesirable outcome
approach or avoidance goals
99
this theory pertains to the perceptions of people about how they're being treated as compared with others
Adams' Equity Theory
100
what are the two forms of equity?
distributive
procedural
101
fairness people feel when they are rewarded in accordance with their contribution and in comparison with others
distributive
102
perceptions of employees about fairness of company procedures or the fairness of the process
procedural
103
explanation of performance after we have invested considerable effort and motivation in a task
Attribution Theory
104
what are the four types of explanations in attribution theory?
ability
effort
task difficulty
luck
INTRO TO PYSCH
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