How does energy in organism is differ?
All orgs have similar energy demands, staying alive, doing things, growing, keeping warm and reproducing but differ. In how much energy they spend to meet each need (possibilities basal metabolism, thermoregulation, reproduction, activity, growth
What’s an ectotherm
Animals that rely on external environmental heat sources to regulate body temperature as they cannot produce enough internal metabolic heat. “Cold blooded”
What’s and endothermic?
Animals that generate their own internal body heat through high metabolic rates to maintain constant, warm body temperature regardless of outside envo
What requires more heat endotherms or ectotherms?
Endotherms require much higher energy per gram than ectotherms
How do larger and smaller organisms differ in energy requirements?
Larger->higher absolute (total) energy
Smaller-? Higher energy per gram body mass
Why do log transform scaling weight energyy relationships?
Scale of size difference is huge nad size has profound affects on energy expenditure
How can parameters that scale with mass be described by the power function?
Y= bx^a
Y parameter for any given mass x
B is ntercept
A is allometric coefficient (scaling factor)
Log y= a(logx) + log b is equal to y= mx + b
Where allometric coefficient is qual or slope m and indicates scaling relationship
What is an isometric scaling relationship?
a = 1, parameter increase proportionally w increasing mass - y=x slope
What is an hypermetric scaling relationship?
a > 1 parameter increases at a greater porpotion with increasing mass
What is a hypometric scaling relationship?
a < 1 parameter increases to a lesser proportion with increasing mass
Can allometric coefficient be neg?
Yes bc slope can be neg, parameter is decreasing in some proportion with increasing mass
Ex of isometric, hypermetric and hypometric relationships?
Hyper a=1.57 claw size in male fiddler crab
Hypo a= 0.73 brain growth human
Iso a=0,85 heart growth human
In mammals How does energy scale and does it scale universally?
In mammals energy scales hypometriclaly with mass
universal, endotherms have highest resting metabolic rate which increases with mass, allometric coefficient a=0.75 across all life form, just different jump in energy requirements (MASSIVE) b/w microbes to ectotherms to endotherms
Why is there a difference in energy requirement (MASSIVE) from microbes to ectotherms to endotherms?
Microbes vs multicellular organisms
-greater complexity (tissues, organs and organs sys)) requires more energy to move nutrients, metabolites etc into cells
-asexual (bin fission/mitosis) vs sexual (gamete prod, fertilization, development, growth by mitosis) which costs more energy
Ectotherms: (most reptiles, fish, plants, insects)
-body temperature changes with envo = little Eng required
-often show indeterminate growth
Endo:(most birds and mammals)
-maintain body temperature in narrow range regardless of environment temp (high energy demand)
-often show determinate growth (growth ceases at adult stage)
What’s the ideal energy budget and why dont most organism live in that?
Unlimited resources to support max growth, lifespan, prod of offspring (w/high survival) but most orgs dont live under this bc energy must be spent finding food, shelter, avoid predators etc
What are energy budgets and their primary goals?
Key evolutionary force, budget energy expenditure, goal: have energy relating to reproduce (for all_ and raise offspring (for some)
What’s the life history theory?
Nat select resulted in numerous energy strategies -> life-history traits to max lifetime repro success (FITNESS)
Every species has pattern of growth, dev,repro, death shaped by nat select ->sucess in past shapes life-history traits of a species
How does environment affect life-history traits?
By inflicting energy budgets -> amt of light, food sources, shelter, precipitation etc
Why does maximizing repro success involve trade offs?
Fixed energy budgets and selective pressure due to enviornment, if 2 life-history traits compete for a share of limited resources than impossible to maximize both traits simultaneously, inversely proportional relationship of traits ex. Number of seeds vs size
Examples of life-history traits that are prioritized differently?
Growth rate, parental investment, fecundity, parity (frequency of reproduction), size/age of sex maturity, size/number of offspring, longevity/mortalirfy
All orgs must factor these traits into repro strats but prioritize some means trading off others
What’s fecundity?
the biological capacity or potential of an organism, such as humans or animals, to produce an abundance of offspring, eggs, or seeds
Passive vs active car in regards to parental investment?
Passive-pre birth energy inevestment, ex seed development, gestation
Active- post “birth” Eng investment ex.raising offspring
What types of parental investment and offspring nu,bee are orchid seeds, mice, coco-de-mer seed, elephants?
O-little passive care, no active, lots of seeds some survive
M-somapassive care (few weeks), some active care, multi offsping some live
C-lots of passive no actvie one large seed-high eng store to increase survival
E-high passive (18 mnth) high active (4yrs) few offspring
Trade off b/w egg number and offspring survival in European magpie?
Avg 7 eggs, 3-4 survive too fledgling (can fly) always some lost to disease/predation regardless of of clutch size
8-less Eng per hatchling bc fixed food amount
9-total loss as no hatchling gets enough food
