1
Q
Study of joints
A
Arthrology
2
Q
Means “joints”
A
Arthr
3
Q
Other term for joint
A
Articulation / Arthrosis
4
Q
Joint classifications
A
- Structural classification
- Functional classification
5
Q
Point of contact between two bones
A
Joint
6
Q
Structural classification basis
A
Based on anatomical structures
7
Q
Criteria for structural classification
A
- Presence/ Absence of Synovial Joint
- Type of Connective Tissue
8
Q
Functional classification basis
A
Based on the type of movement they permit
9
Q
Criteria for functional classification
A
Degree of movement
10
Q
Joints according to structural classifications
A
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
11
Q
Joints according to functional classifications
A
- Synathrosis
- Ampiarthrosis
- Diarthrosis
12
Q
Presence of synovial cavity in structurally classified joints
A
Fibrous : None
Cartilaginous: None
Synovial: Present
13
Q
Type of connective tissue present at structurally clasified joints
A
Fibrous : Dense irregular connective tissue
Cartilaginous: Cartilage
Synovial: Dense irregular connective tissue
14
Q
Immovable
A
Synarthrosis
15
Q
Slightly movable/ Limited movement
A
Ampiarthrosis
16
Q
Freely movable
A
Diarthrosis
17
Q
Classified functionally as either synarthrosis or ampiarthrosis
A
Fibrous joints and Cartilaginous joints
18
Q
Fibrous joints
A
- Sutures
- Syndesmoses
- Interosseous Membrane
19
Q
Found only in the skull
A
Sutures
20
Q
Sutures
A
- Coronal suture
- Squamous suture
- Lamboidal suture
- Sagittal suture
21
Q
Functional classification depends on one’s age
A
Sutures
22
Q
Functional classification of sutures
A
Immovable (Synarthrosis) in adults;
Slightly movable (ampiarthrosis) in infants (joints need to expand)
23
Q
More dense irregular CT and arranged as bundle
A
Syndesmoses
24
Q
How CTs are arranged in syndesmoses
A
as bundle (ligament)
25
Syndesmoses examples
- Distal tibiofibular joint (ampiarthrosis)
- Gomphosis (synarthrosis)
26
Gomphosis other term
dentoalveolar joint
27
Gomphosis articulating bones
Root of teeth & alveolar part of mandible
28
Only fibrous joint that is functionally classified as ampiarthrosis only
Interosseous membrane
29
Substantial sheet of dense irregular CT
Interosseous membrane
30
Binds neighboring long bones
Dense irregular CT
31
Where are Interosseous membranes found?
Found in parallel long bones of the body (radius-ulna; tibia-fibula)
32
Cartilaginous Joints
- Synchondroses
- Symphyses
33
Connecting material of synchondroses
Hyaline cartilage
34
Functional classification of synchondroses
Immovable (synarthrosis)
35
Exapmle of synchondroses
Epiphyseal (growth) plate
Costal cartilage
36
Where is an epiphyseal (growth) plate found?
Found in growing long bone
37
An epiphyseal (growth) plate becomes a/n ---
epiphyseal line
38
Connecting material of symphyses
Fibrocartilage connective tissue
39
Functional classification of symphyses
Slightly movable joint (ampiarthrosis)
40
Example of a symphyses
- Symphysis pubis
- Intervertebral joint
41
Articulating bones of symphysis pubis
Right and left pubic bones
42
Functional classification of synovial joints
- Freely movable (Diarthroses)
43
Ends of articulating bones are covered by articular cartilage (ex. radius-ulna)
Synovial joints
44
There is a space found in between the articulating bones
Synovial joints
45
Synovial joints contain a space between bones called the ---
synovial cavity
46
basis for the types of synovial joints
shape of the articulating surface
47
Shape of plane joint's articulating surface
flat/slightly curved
48
Movement of plane joints
GLIDING
Biaxial: back & forth, side-to-side movement
49
Example of a plane joint
Intercarpal joints
Intertarsal joints
50
Refers to the line a joint permits/ movement in terms of axis
Axial
51
Convex (outward) surface fits into concave (inward) surface of another bone
Hinge joint
52
Motion of hinge joints
Uniaxial: Flexion and extension
53
Example of a hinge joint
- Elbow joint
- Tibiotalar/ ankle joint
54
Articulating surfaces of the elbow joint
Convex: humerus;
concave: ulna
55
Articulating surfaces of the tibiotalar/ ankle joint
Convex: talus;
concave: tibia
56
Hinge joints have the same appearance as a/n ---
door hinge
57
Projection of bone articulates with a ring or notch of another bone
Pivot joint
58
Motion of pivot joints
Uniaxial: Rotation
59
Means that it rotates on its own axis
Uniaxial
60
Example of a pivot joint
Atlanto-axial joint (C1-C2)
61
Articulating surfaces of the Atlanto-axial joint (C1-C2)
Ring: C1;
Dens: Projection
62
Oval-shaped projection fits into oval0shaped depression of another bone (oval-shaped convex and concave)
Condyloid joint
63
Motion of a condyloid joint
Biaxial: Flexion-extension; abduction-adduction
64
Example of a condyloid joint
- Metacarpophalangeal joint;
- wrist joint
65
Articular ends of one bone are saddle-shaped
Saddle
66
Motion of saddle
Biaxial: Flexion-extension; abduction-adduction
67
Example of a saddle joint
Carpometacarpal joint
68
Ball-and-socket motion
Triaxial:
- flexion-extension
- abduction-adduction
- rotation
69
Only synovial joint considered triaxial
Ball-and-socket
70
Example of a ball-and-socket
- Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
- Acetabulofemoral (hip) joint
71
Articulating bones of the shoulder joint
Glenoid & head of humerus
72
Movements at synovial joints may indicate (1), (2), or (3) during movement
1. form of motion
2. direction of movement
3. relationship of one body part to another
73
Movements at synovial joints
Gliding
Angular movements
Rotation
Special movements
74
Flat bone surfaces move back & forth and from side-to-side (Plane joint)
Gliding
75
Bones involved in gliding movements
flat bones
76
Subcategories of gliding movements
- back and forth
- side-to-side
77
Increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Angular movement
78
Angular movements
- Flexion
- Extension
- Hyperextension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Circumduction
ACE HAF
79
To bend
Flexion: flex → to bend
80
To stretch out
Extension: exten → to stretch out
81
Sometimes return to anatomical position ofter flexing
Extension
82
Beyond or excessive
Hyperextension: hyper → beyond or excessive
83
Continuation of extension beyond anatomical position
Hyperextension
84
Abduction and adduction basis
Midline
85
To lead away
Abduction: ab → away
: duct → to lead
86
To lead toward
Adduction: ad → toward
: duct → to lead
87
Ulnar vs radial deviation
Radial deviation: Abduction
Ulnar deviation: Adduction
88
Movement of distal part in a circular manner
Circumduction
89
Means "Circle"
circ
90
What body part is moving in a circumduction movement?
Distal part
91
Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
Rotation
92
Joint responsible for rotation
Pivot joint
93
Occur only at certain joints
Special movements
94
Special movements
ARM
- Supination
- Pronation
FOOT
- Dorsiflexion
- Plantar flexion
MANDIBLE
- Protraction
- Retraction
SOLE
- Inversion
- Eversion
95
Movement of the forearm; turn palm anteriorly (facing upward/ toward)
Supination
96
Palm is turned posteriorly
Pronation
97
Anterior part is facing backward
Pronation
98
Bending of the foot at the ankle in the direction of the dorsum
Dorsiflexion
99
Dorsi meaning
upper / dorsum / top part of foot
100
Direction of the plantar or inferior surface
Plantar flexion
101
Plantar meaning
Sole of the foot
102
To draw forth
Protraction
103
To draw back
Retraction
104
Special movements in the mandible
Protraction. Retraction
105
Muscle responsible for protraction
Pterygoid
106
Muscle responsible for retraction
Temporalis
107
Differentiate the special movements found in the foot
Inversion: to turn inward
Eversion: to turn outward
