Lesson plan 1

Question 1

The urinary system consist of

Answer 1

• kidneys (2)
• Ureters (2)
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra

Question 2

The functions of the urinary system are to:

Answer 2

1. Kidneys regulate blood volume and composition; help regulate blood pressure, pH, and glucose levels; produce two hormones (calcitriol and erythropoietin); and excrete wastes inurine
2. Ureters transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
3. Urinary bladder stores urine and expels it into the urethra
4. Urethra discharges urine from the body

Question 3

8 functions of the Kidney are:

Answer 3

• Regulation of blood ionic composition (e.g. Na+, Cl-etc)
• Regulation of blood pH
• Regulation of blood volume
• Regulation of blood pressure
• Maintenance of blood osmolarity
• Production of hormones (calcitrol and erythropoietin)
• Regulation of blood glucose level
• Excretion of wastes from metabolic reactions and foreign substances (drugs or toxins)

Question 4

•Pertaining to organs closely attached to the posterior abdominal wall and partly covered by peritoneum. The paired kidneys are reddish and bean shaped organs that are located just above the waist between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of the abdomen. Because their location is posterior to the peritoneum the kidneys are said to be __________

Answer 4

Retropertioneal

Question 5

Height & Location of kidneys

Answer 5

•The kidneys are located between the levels of the last thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae, they are partially protected by the eleventh and twelfth pairs of ribs. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left because the liver occupies the space on the right side superior to the kidney

Question 6

External anatomy of kidney

Answer 6

An adult kidney is 4-5 inches long, 2-3 inches wide and 1 inch thick (approximately the size of a bar of soap)
.•Renal hilum (or hilus)

Question 7

Near the center of the concave borderof kidney

oAn indent where ureter emerges from kidney along with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve

Answer 7

Renal Hilum (or Hilus)

Question 8

3 Tissue layers

Answer 8

• Renal capsule
• Adipose tissue
• Renal fascia

Question 9

Deep layer

• Continuous with outer coat of ureter
• Barrier against trauma
• Maintains kidney shape

Answer 9

Renal capsule

Question 10

• Middle layer
• Mass of fatty tissue surrounding the capsule
• Protects kidney from trauma and holds it in place

Answer 10

Adipose capsule

Question 11

• Superficial layer

- Thin layer of connective tissue that anchors kidney to surrounding structures and abdominal wall

Answer 11

Renal fascia

Question 12

• Superficial region of kidney
• Extending from renal capsule to the bases of the renal pyramid and into the spaces between them
• Divided into an outer cortical zone and inner juxtamedullary zone

Answer 12

Renal Cortex

Question 13

• Inner region of kidney

- Consists of several pyramids

Answer 13

Renal Medulla

Question 14

• Cone shaped
• Found in the medullaoBase points towards the cortex
• Apex (Papilla) points towards the renal hilu

Answer 14

Renal Pyramids

Question 15

-The apex (narrow end) of renal pyramid which points towards the renal hilum

Answer 15

Renal Papilla

Question 16

-The portions of the renal cortex that extend between the renal pyramids

Answer 16

Renal Columns

Question 17

-Consists of a renal pyramid, its overlying area of renal cortex, and one-half of each adjacent renal column

Answer 17

Renal Lobe

Question 18

• Functional portion of the kidney

- Made up of the renal cortex and renal pyramids

Answer 18

Parenchyma

Question 19

• The functional units of the kidney

- Approximately 1 million microscopic structure

Answer 19

Nephrons

Question 20

• Extend through the papillae of the pyramids

- Filtrate formed by the nephrons drain into these large ducts

Answer 20

Papillary ducts

Question 21

• Cup-like structures that the papillary ducts drain into.

- Each kidney has 8-18 minor & 2-3 major calyces

Answer 21

Minor & Major Calyces

Question 22

-Single large cavity that the major calyces drain into

Answer 22

Renal Pelvis

Question 23

• A cavity within the kidneys that the hilum expands into.

- Contains part of the renal pelvis, the calyces and branches of the renal blood vessels and nerves

Answer 23

Renal Sinus

Question 24

Urine that is formed by nephron drains into

Answer 24

Papillary ducts
↓
Minor calyces
↓
Major calyces
↓
Renal pelvis
↓
Ureter 
↓
Urinary bladder

Question 25

Blood supply

Answer 25

* Although kidneys constitute less than 0.5% of total body mass, they receive 20-25% of resting cardiac output via the right and left renal arteries * In adults, renal blood flow, the blood flow through both kidneys, is about 1200 mL per minute

Question 26

Blood flow of kindeys

Answer 26

* Left and right renal artery enters kidney and branches into segmental arteries which give off several branches of interlobar arteries. At the bases of the renal pyramids, the interlobar arteries arch and become arcuate arteries. Divisions of arcuate arteries produce interlobular arteries (they pass between renal lobules) then they enter the renal cortex and give off branches called afferent arterioles. * Each nephron receives one afferent arteriole which divides into ball-shaped capillary network called the glomerulus. The glomerular capillaries reunites to form efferent arteriole that carries blood out of glomerulus. Unique capillariesbecause they are positioned between 2 arterioles...considered a part of the cardiovascular & urinary system. Efferent arterioles divide to form peritubular capillaries (in renal cortex) and some have vasa recta (in renal medulla) * Peritubular capillaries reunite to form peritubular venules and interlobular veins which also receiveblood from vasa recta. Blood then drains through arcuate veins to interlobar veins which run between renal pyramids and then exit the kidneys via renal vein at the renal hilum and carries blood to the inferior vena cava.

Question 27

Nephrons & its two pairs

Answer 27

-functional units of the kidney -Consists of 2 parts Renal corpuscle Renal tubule

Question 28

filters blood plasma •Glomerulus -capillary network •Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule-double walled cup surrounding glomerulus

Answer 28

Renal corpuscle

Question 29

receives filtered fluid •Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) •loop of Henle (nephron loop) •Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Answer 29

Renal tubule

Question 30

oConnects the proximal and distal convoluted tubules oThe first part of the loop dips into the renal medulla where it’s called descending limb of the loop of Henle. Then it makes a hairpin turn and returns to the renal cortex as the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Answer 30

Loop of henle

Question 31

–80-85% of nephrons oRenal corpuscle in outer portion of cortex and short loops of Henle extend only into outer region of medulla

Answer 31

Cortical nephrons

Question 32

other 15-20%oRenal corpuscle deep in cortex and long loops of Henle extend deep into medulla oReceive blood from peritubular capillaries and vasa recta oAscending limb has thick and thin regions oEnable kidney to secrete very dilute or very concentrated urine

Answer 32

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 33

-Helps regulate blood pressure in kidney -Consists of: Macula densa -Juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 33

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 34

Made up of columnar tubule cells | -Cells in final part of ascending loop of Henle o

Answer 34

Macula densa

Question 35

- Made up of modified smooth muscle fibers - Cells are found in afferent (sometimes efferent arterioles) alongside the macula densa of the ascending limb of loop of Henle

Answer 35

Juxtaglomerular cells