1
Q
What are common things about all WBCs?
A
- all white
- all nucleated
- common function:defense
- all made in bone marrow
2
Q
How many times a day are Neutrophils being replaced?
A
2.5X day
3
Q
What does the number of WBCs in the peripheral blood circulation reflect?
A
conditions in the tissue and bone marrow
4
Q
What is the normal WBC range for canine?
A
6,000-7,000/microliter
5
Q
What is the normal WBC range for feline?
A
5,500-19,500/microliter
6
Q
What is important in defining disease states?
A
- evaluation of WBC numbers
- morphology
7
Q
What are 3 ways to classify WBCs?
A
- type of defense function
- shape of nucleus
- presence or absence of staining granules
8
Q
What are the 2 types of defense functions?
A
- phagocytosis
- immunity
9
Q
What WBCs are responsible for phagocytosis?
A
- neutrophil
- monocyte/macrophage
- eosinophil
- basophil
10
Q
What WBC is responsible for immunity?
A
lymphocytes
11
Q
What 2 types of Lymphocytes are responsible for immunity?
A
- B-Cell
- TCell
12
Q
What are the functions of a B-Cell?
A
- provide immunity
- humoral immunity
- plasma
13
Q
What are the functions of a T-Cell?
A
- cytokines
- cell mediated immunity
- tissues
14
Q
What are the shapes of WBC nuclei?
A
- polymorphic
- mononuclear
- pleomorphic
15
Q
What are the characteristics of a Polymorphic nucleus?
A
- multi lobed
- segmented
16
Q
What WBCs have a polymorphic nucleus?
A
- neutrophil
- basophil
- eosinophil
17
Q
What are characteristics of a mononucleated WBC?
A
oval or round
18
Q
What WBC has a mononuclear nucleus?
A
lymphocyte
19
Q
What are characteristics of a Pleomorphic nucleated WBC?
A
- kidney shaped
- horseshoe shaped
20
Q
What WBC has a pleomorphic nucleus?
A
monocyte
21
Q
Which WBCs are Agranulocytes?
A
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
22
Q
Which WBCs are Granulocytes?
A
- neutrophil
- basophil
- eosinophil
23
Q
What color do Eosinophils stain?
A
red
24
Q
What color do Basophil’s stain?
A
blue
25
What stains are considered Romanoski Stains?
- Wright's Stain
- Modified Wright's
- Geimsa
- Wright's-Geimsa
- Leishman's
26
What type of stain is Diff-Quik?
Wright's Stain
27
What are the 3 solutions in a stain?
- alcohol fixative
- acidic red stain
- basic blue stain
28
What WBC does an Acidic Red Stain stain?
eosinophil
29
What WBC does a Basic Blue Stain stain?
basophil
30
What are the 3 solutions in Diff Quik?
- methylalcohol
- eosin red
- methylene blue
31
Color and Function of Methylalcohol
- light blue
| - fixative
32
Color and Function of Eosin Red
- pink
- stains
- acidic
33
Color and Function of Methylene Blue
- purple/dark blue
- counterstain
- alkaline
34
What is Leukopoiesis?
production of all WBCs
35
What are Cytokines?
WBC stimuli for production
36
What are the 3 Cytokines?
- interleukins
- colony stimulating factors
- interferons
37
What is the maturation process of Granulopoiesis?
- PPSC
- myeloid stem cells
- myeloblasts
- promyelocytes
- myelocytes
- metamyelocytes
- band granulocyte
- segmented granulocyte
38
Nucleus of Granulocyte
transforms from a large round structure with loose chromatin patter into a segmented multi-lobed structure with more dense chromatin
39
What are Chromatin Strands?
thin filaments that connect lobes in nucleus
40
What happens as a cell becomes sensecent?
segments break apart and become pykontic
41
What is Pyknosis?
sign of a dying cell
42
How many lobes does a typical Granulocyte have?
2-3 lobes
43
What is a hypersegmented granulocyte?
has more tha 5 lobes
44
When should hypersegmented granulocytes be visible in the tissue?
- seen as artifact when blood is helod longer than 24 hours prior to making a smear
- steroids
45
What color is a cytoplasm of a granulocyte initially?
intense dark blue due to lots of metabolic activity
46
What color cytoplasm does a mature granulocyte have?
clear
47
What is the average size of a mature neutrophil?
10-12 microns
48
What produces the granules in the granulocyte?
gogli apparatus
49
What are 2 sets of granules found in granulocytes?
- primary
| - secondary
50
What are primary granules?
- "non specific"
- contain no chemicals
- stain intense red
51
What are secondary granules?
- "specific"
- contain chemicals
- found in myelocytes
52
What granulocytes are found in leukemia?
- myeloblasts
- promyeloblasts
- myelocytes
53
How long does it take fo make a mature Neutrophil?
3-6 days
54
What is a toxi neutrophil?
represents a decrease in the maturation time in the bone marrow
55
How long do neutrophils circulate in the blood?
5-10 days then enter tissue
56
What is the primary function of a neutrophil?
phagocytosis
57
What do neutrophils phagocytize?
bacteria
58
What are the granules located in the neutrophil called?
lysosomes
59
What do the lysosomes in neutrophils contain?
lysosomal enzymes with antibacterial properties
60
What locations have the highest number of neutrophils?
GI tract
| respiratory tract
61
What is Diapedesis?
process by which WBCs leave blood vessels and enter tissue
62
What WBC does not have a pseudopod?
lymphocyte
63
What are the 2 "phrases that pay"?
- steroids inhibit diapedesis
| - steroids lyse lymphocytes
64
What are the 5 steps of Phagocytosis (neutrophi)?
- attraction
- attachment/adherence
- ingestion
- fusion
- digestion
65
What is Chemotaxis?
movement of WBCs into an area of inflammation in response to chemical mediators released at the site by injured tissue or other WBCs
66
What is Opsonins?
- "sauces"
| - plasma proteins that coat microorganisms to attract phagocytes, enabling recognition of foreign substances
67
What are the 2 functions of Opsoninization?
- makes foreign invaders positively charged to attract neutrophils
- coats encapsulated microorganisms to reveal them
68
Step 3: Ingestion
- cell surrounds microorganisms with its pseudopod
| - phagosome is formed
69
Step 4: Fusion
lysosomes line up along edge of phagosome, fuse with the membrane, then secrete contents into psuedovacuole
70
Step 5: Digestion
- neutrophil rapidly absorbs oxygen and reduces it to super-oxide
- super-oxide reacts with hydrogen ions in tissue fluid to form hydrogen peroxide
71
What is Myeloperoxidase?
lysosomal enzyme produces hypochlorite (bleach) from chloride in tissue fluid
72
What is the normal neutrophil range for canine?
3,000-11,400/microliter
73
What is the normal neutrophil range for feline?
2,500-12,500/microliter
74
What is the normal total WBC range for canine?
6,000-17,000/microliter
75
What is the normal total WBC range for feline?
5,500-19,500/microliter
76
What is an increase in neutrophils?
neutrophilia=leukocytosis
77
What is a decrease in neutrophils?
neutropenia=leukopenia
78
What is the predominant WBC in cattle, sheep and goats?
lymphocyte
79
What is the predominant WBC in pigs and horses?
lymphocytes and neutrophils
80
What are the 3 factors that control the number of neutrophils in the blood?
- rate of release of mature neutrophils from storage pool in bone marrow into circulation
- rate of escape from blood into tissues
- rate of maturation
81
What does the rate of escape from blood into tissues depend on (neutrophil)?
demand in tissue
82
What are the 2 type of neutrophil pools?
- blood pools
| - bone marrow pools
83
What are the 2 types of blood pools?
- circulating neutrophil pool
| - marginal neutrohil pool
84
What is the circulating neutrophil pool?
- neutrohils circulating through blood vessel
- where blood is sampled
- normal ranges come from here
85
What is the marginal neutrophil pool?
- loosly lining inside of small blood vessels in abdominal vessels
- spleen and lungs
86
True or False: neutrophils can move freely between CNP and MNP
true
87
What can cause De-margination?
- fear
- excitement
- pain
- epinephrine
88
What is the ratio of CNP:MNP in canine?
50:50
89
What is the ration of CNP:MNP in a feline?
30:70
90
What are the 2 bone marrow pools?
- storage pool
| - mitotic pool
91
What is the storage pool?
consists of neutrophils that aren't dividing
92
What WBCs are in the storage pool?
- segs
- bands
- metamyelocytes
93
What is the mitotic pool?
- dividing pool
| - "proliferative pool"
94
What WBCs are in the mitotic pool?
- myelocytes
- promyelocytes
- myeloblasts
95
What is the normal band neutrophil range?
0-300/microliter
96
What is a "left shift"?
greater than 300/microliter (bands)
97
What is a regenerative left shift?
segmented neutrophils outnumber band neutrophils
98
What is a degenerative left shift?
- bands outnumber segmented neutrophils
| - implies granulopoiesis can't keep up with demand
99
What is a "right shift"?
- increase in hypersegmented neutrophils
| - caused by steroids, or blood being held for 24hrs prior to making smear (artifact)
100
What is Neutropenia?
- absolute decrease in neutrophils
| - leads to leukopenia
101
What are the 3 causes of Neutropenia?
- reduced or ineffective granulopoiesis
- increased demand in tissue
- margination
102
What are the causes for reduced/ineffective granulopoiesis?
- myelopathies
- radiation
- drugs/toxins
- canine parvovirus,ehrlichia
- feline panleukopenia, FIV, FeLv
103
What are the causes of increased demand in tissue?
- overwhelming infection (septicemia, bacteremia)
| - acute inflammation
104
What are the causes of margination?
endotoxemia
105
What is Margination?
neutrophils from CNP move into MNP and line the vessel wall
106
What is the "panic range" of Neutropenia?
<1,000/microliter
107
What is "Cyclic Neutropenia"?
neutrophils decrease substantially for idopathic reasons on regular basis
108
True or False: Neutropenia has a poor prognosis
True
109
What is Neutrophilia?
absolute increase in neutrophils that leads to leukocytosis
110
What are the causes of Neutrophilia?
- chronic or acute inflammation
- infection
- leukemia
- physiological response
- stress response
111
What is the range for extreme neutrophilia?
>5,000/microliter
112
What are the causes of extreme neutrophilia?
- pancreatitis
- pyometra
- prostatisis
- periodontitis
113
What are the 2 types of Pyometra?
- open
| - closed
114
What is Open Pyometra?
- patient has green/white smelly discharge from uterus
| - fixed by IV antibiotics
115
What is Closed Pyometra?
- progression of open pyometra
- cervix closes off
- requires historectomy
116
What is Prostatitis?
inflammation of prostate gland
117
What is the range for leukemoid response?
>100,000/microliter
118
What are the 3 types of leukograms?
- physiologic
- stress
- inflammatory
119
What is the cause of a physiologcal response?
ephinephrin release
120
What are clinical signs of physiological response?
- increased bp
- increased hr
- increased pulse
- vasoconstriction
- muscle contraction
121
What species do physiological responses mostly affect?
- cats
| - young animals
122
Physiologcal Leukogram: Total WBC count
increased because increase in neutrophils
123
PL: Neutrophils
- increased (demargination)
| - no bands
124
PL: lymphocytes
increased because of splenic contractions
125
PL:eosinophils
decreased
126
PL:monocytes
stays same
127
PL: basophils
stays same
128
How long does it take for a physiological response to take place and resolve?
- instantly
| - 30 minutes
129
What is the cause of a stress response?
- steroids
| - either endogenous (produced by body), or exogenous (administered)
130
What species do stress responses effect?
dogs
131
SL: Total WBC count
increase
132
SL: neutrophils
increases (steroids inhibit diapedesis)
133
SL: lymphocytes
decrease (steroids lyse lymphocytes)
134
SL: eosinophils
decrease
135
SL: monocytes
increases (follow neutrophils, has time to follow)
136
SL: basophils
stays same
137
How long does it take for a stress response to take place and resolve?
- days to show
| - days to over a week to resolve
138
What is the casue of Inflammatory Response?
- inflammation
- either acute or chronic
- infectious or non infectious
139
What species does inflammatory response affect?
any
140
IL: total WBC count
increase then decrease
141
IL:neutrophils
increase then decrease
142
IL: lymphocytes
usually increase
143
IL:eosinophils
- increased (parasitic infections and allergies)
| - same (other)
144
IL: monocytes
increased (chronic)
145
IL: basophils
same or increased (hypersensitivity reactions)
146
What is the normal time for inflammatory response to show and resolve?
- acute:fast
| - chronic:slow
147
What are the 2 toxic changes in neutrophils?
- toxic neutrophil
| - giant neutrophil
148
What are causes of a toxic neutrophil?
- inflammation
- infection
- drugs/toxins
149
What species are toxic neutrophils most significant in?
dogs
150
What are 4 critera of toxic neutrophils?
- dohle bodies
- diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia
- cytoplasmic vacuolization
- toxic granulation
151
What are Dohle Bodies?
- light blue inclusions that occur near periphery of cytoplasm
- retained rough endoplasmic reticulum
152
What is the normal size of a Dohle Body?
1-2 microns
153
What is cytoplasmic vacuolization?
- disruption in membrane formation
| - "foamy appearance"
154
What is toxic granulation?
- disruption of cytoplasmic granules in precursor cells
| - granules are azurophilic
155
What is a giant neutrophil?
- results from decreased maturation time in bone marrow
| - dysgranulopoiesis
156
What is Dysgranulopoiesis?
mitotic division step is skipped by a precursor cell
157
Where are giant neutrophils seen?
cats with FeLv/FIV
158
What WBC do giant neutrophils get mistaken for?
monocytes
159
What are the 4 other morphological changes in neutrophils?
- pelger-huet anomaly
- canine distemper viral inclusions
- pathogenic microorganisms
- barr bodies
160
What are Pelger-Huet Anomalies?
- congenital defect
- hyposegmentation of all granulocyte nuclei
- chromatin is very dense, yet nucleus is unsegmented
161
What is Pseudo Pelger-Huet Anomaly?
- not congenital
- results from idosyncratic drug reaction or normal variation of inflammatory response
- only some neutrophils are affected
162
What are canine distemper viral inclusions?
- variable in size, shape, color and number
- not diagnostic
- rare
163
What are pathogenic microorganisms?
bacteria
164
What are examples of pathogenic microorganisms?
- hepatazoon canis
- cytauxzoon felis
- histoplasma spp
- ehrlichia ewingii
165
What are Barr Bodies?
- "drumstick appendages"
- "sex lobes"
- rare
- affects 2nd inactive X chromosome
166
Where are Barr Bodies seen?
- only in healthy females
| - male calico cats
167
What is the normal range for eosinophils in canines?
100-750/microliter
168
What is the normal range for Eosinophils in feline?
0-750/microliter
169
How long does it take for eosinophils to reproduce?
2-6 days
170
What is the blood transit time for eosionphils?
0.5-18hrs
171
What cytokine regulates eosinophil?
- interleukin 5
| - produced by t cells
172
What is the tissue life span of eosinophil?
1 week
173
Where is the highest concentration of Eosinophils located?
- GI tract
- respiratory tract
- skin
174
Nucleus (Eosinophil)
2-3 lobes
175
Cytoplasm (Eosinophil)
clear
176
Granules (Eosinophil)
vary by species
177
What do granules in Canine Eosinophils look like?
- round
- variable sizes
- stains light pink
178
What do granules in Feline Eosinophils look like?
- rod shaped
- small
- numerous
- frequently seen across nucleus
- stains darker than dog's
179
What do granules in Horse Eosinophils look like?
- very large
- round-oval
- stain light color
180
What do granules in Sheep, Pigs and Cattle Eosinophils look like?
- round
- stain pink/red (orange)
- similar to dog, but not variable in size
181
What do Eosinophil Granules contain?
- myeloperoxidase
- major base protein
- histaminase
182
What are the key functions of Eosinophil?
- anti inflammatory/anti allergy response
- parasites
- have limited bacterialcidal activity
183
What is a normal anti inflammatory response?
- in tissues
| - mast cells degranulate and release histamine and heparin
184
What does Histamase do?
deactivate histamine
185
What does Major Basic Protein do?
- deactivates heparin
| - digest parasites in tissues
186
What does Myeloperoxidase do?
have limited bacterialcidal properties
187
What are the causes of Eosinopenia?
- any problem in bone marrow
- steroids
- ephinephrine
- acute infection or inflammation
188
What are the things that affect eosinophilia?
- allergies
- parasites
- leukemia
- granulomatous inflammation
- neoplasia
- asthma
189
What allergies affect Eosinophilia?
- food
- fleas
- environment
190
What is the normal range of basophils?
rare
191
What is the maturation time of basophils?
2.5 days
192
What is the blood transit time of basophils?
6 hours
193
What is the tissue life span of basophils?
2 weeks
194
Nucleus (basophil)
2-3 lobes (usually 2)
195
Cytoplasm (basophil)
light grey
196
Granules (basophil)
- water soluble
- wash out during staining process
- cats have more than dogs
197
What is the normal size of basophil?
12-20 microns
198
What do the granules of basophil contain?
- histamine
- heparin
- eosniophilic chemotactic factor
199
Histamine (basophil)
- start of inflammation
- causes vasodilation
- causes increased capillary permeability
200
Eosinophilc Chemotactic Factor
attracts eosinophils
201
Eosinophils are similart to mast cells except:
mast cells are larger, have round nucleus, originate (and stay) in tissue, granules are not water soluble
202
Where are mast cell tumors most prevalent?
- skin
| - GI tract
203
What is a decrease in basophils?
- basopenia
| - doesn't exist
204
What is an increase in basophils?
basophilia
205
What are causes of basophilia?
- acute allergic reactions
- hypersensitivity
- anaphlaxysis
206
What is the normal range for monocytes in dogs?
150-1,350/microliter
207
What is the normal range of monocytes in cats?
0-850/microliter
208
What is the production of Monocytes?
monocytopoiesis
209
What is the maturation process of a monocyte?
- PPSC
- myeloid stem cell
- monoblast
- promonocyte
- monocyte
- tissue macrophage
210
What is the size of a monocyte?
15-20/microns
211
Monocyte:nucleus
- kidney or band shaped
- pleomorphic
- does not segment
212
Monocyte: cytoplasm
- gray/blue
| - fine granular appearance (ground glass)
213
Monocyte: vacuoles
- "activated monocyte"
| - activated by EDTA
214
What is the bone marrow maturation time of monocyte?
24-36 hours
215
What is the blood transport time for monocytes?
24-36 hours
216
How long do monocytes live in the tissue?
weeks to months
217
What type of infection are monocytes associated with?
chronic
218
Where are macrophages most prevalent?
- "filter organs"
- liver
- spleen
- lungs
- lymph nodes
219
Macrophage in liver
Kuppffer's cells
220
Macrophage in connective tissue
Histiocytes
221
Macrophage in CNS
microglial cells
222
Macrophage in Spleen
reticular cells
223
What is the mononuclear phagocyte system?
tissue macrophages + monocytes = MPS
224
Why cant neutrophils be in the MPS?
cant eat as much as macrophage
225
What are the functions of the MPS?
- follow neutrophils to clean up cellular debris and products of inflammation/infection
- phagocytosis of large particles
- role in immunity
- release tumor necrosis factor
226
What is the Macrophage's role in immunity?
processes antigens and presents them (on cell membrane) to T cells
227
What is monocytopenia?
decrease in monocytes
228
What is the cause of monocytopenia?
acute inflammation/infection
229
What is monocytosis?
increase in monocytes
230
What are causes of monocytosis?
- chronic inflammation/infection
- stress response (steroids)
- monocytic leukemia
231
What are Smudge Cells?
- "basket cell"
- can be any WBC
- created while making blood smear
- always an artifact
- stain hot pink/magenta
Clin Path
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