Level 1 Flashcards

(296 cards)

1
Q

brief detainment of an individual based on reasonable suspicion for the purpose of determining the individual’s identity and resolving officer suspicions

A

threshold inquiry

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2
Q

when an officer based on specific and articulable facts believes an individual has committed, is committing or is about to commit a criminal offense

A

reasonable suspicion

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3
Q

an individual has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a criminal offense

A

unlawful design

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4
Q

what is the purpose of a threshold inquiry

A
  1. to identify the individual
  2. resolve the officer’s suspicion of unlawful design
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5
Q

best described as a hunch, gut feeling

A

mere suspicion

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6
Q

exists when an officer reasonably believes a person has committed a crime

A

probable case

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7
Q

what can probable cause be based on

A

direct observations or combination of:
prior criminal record
flight from police
giving evasive or conflicting responses

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8
Q

what actions can an officer take when they have probable cause

A

arrest

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9
Q

what actions can an officer take when they have reasonable suspicion

A

threshold inquiry

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10
Q

what actions can an officer take when they have mere suspicion

A

observe

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11
Q

patting down of outer clothing and the area within immediate control of the person for weapons

A

frisk

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12
Q

what is needed to conduct a frisk

A
  1. reasonable suspicion (that the individual is:)
  2. armed
  3. dangerous
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13
Q

when can a frisk be conducted?
(4 times)

A
  1. the type of crime suspected involves violence or the use or threat of deadly weapons
  2. more than one suspect must be handled by a single officer
  3. the officer has prior knowledge of the individual’s use of deadly force and/or propensity to carry deadly weapons
  4. visual indications that suggest that the individual is carrying a firearm or other deadly weapon
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14
Q

according to MGL Chapter 41, Section 98: “Police officers may examine all persons whom they have ____”

A

reason to suspect of unlawful design

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15
Q

name a couple of best practices:

A
  • remember that many reports of suspicious activity come from anonymous third parties without biases
  • announce all weapons so officers can use “plus one rule”
  • do not drive patrol car next to or alongside person
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16
Q

what is an FIO/E

A

field interaction observation encounter

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17
Q

systematically using one or all 5 sense with the intent to discover

A

observation

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18
Q

how people use one or all of the 5 sense to understand something

A

perception

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19
Q

how people learn from past experiences

A

recollection

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20
Q

what are some internal factors that impact how people discover, understand and learn

A
  • permanent disability
  • drug or alcohol use
  • stress or emotional state
  • training and experience
  • individual bias
  • personal characteristics
  • point of view
  • repetition
  • memory
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21
Q

what are some external factors that impact how people discover, understand and learn

A
  • distance and proximity
  • size or intensity
  • movement
  • repetition
  • contrast
  • noise/sounds
  • repetition
  • similarities
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22
Q

what is the OODA loop

A

decision making process developed by fighter pilots

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23
Q

what does OODA loop stand for:

A

O - observe something
O - orient self to the observation
D - decide what to do
A - act on the decision

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24
Q

what is the goal when using OODA loop

A

accurately completing it faster than suspects

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25
how can officers shorten the time it takes to complete the OODA loop
training and experience
26
when do you use OODA loop
- to make tactical safety decisions - to disorient the suspect
27
what is body language
nonverbal communication expressed through physical behaviors, gestures, posture, facial expressions, and eye movements
28
officers should look for _______ when analyzing body language
clusters or combinations of body language cues
29
what are the body language categories
- neutral - defensive - aggressive
30
when someone is resistant, their body language is
defensive
31
when someone seems almost relaxed, their body language is
neutral
32
when someone is agitated and ready for confrontation, their body language is
aggressive
33
when analyzing body language, pay attention to:
eyes head and face arms hands feet
34
what are some communication cues
repeated phrases incoherent inconsistent yelling
35
what is command presence
when an officer demonstrates outwardly to others full and complete control of his or her physical, emotional, and intellectual faculties
36
what are some aggression signs:
1. sudden silence 2. defensive stance 3. muscle tension 4. deep breaths 5. pacing 6. rolling up sleeves 7. adjusting or removing hat
37
district one (A-1)
Downtown Beacon Hill Chinatown NorthEnd WaterFront
38
district fifteen (A-15)
Charlestown (substation of A-1)
39
district seven (A-7)
East Boston
40
district two (B-2)
Roxbury
41
district three (B-3)
Mattapan
42
district 6 (C-6)
South Boston
43
district eleven (C-11)
Dorchester
44
district four (D-4)
South End Back Bay Fenway Lower Roxbury
45
district fourteen (D-14)
Brighton Allston
46
district five (E-5)
West Roxbury Roslindale
47
district thirteen (E-13)
Jamaica Plain
48
district eighteen (E-18)
Hyde Park Readville
49
what are the 4 basic functions of BPD?
1. enforce laws 2. maintain order 3. protect constitutional rights 4. provide services related to welfare
50
what are the 4 major responsibilites?
1. identify and locate criminal activity 2. apprehend suspects who we have probable cause committed a crime 3. participate in subsequent court precedings 4. reduce opportunities for commissions of crime through preventative patrol
51
what is a code 19
fixed post
52
3 types of patrol
basic patrol directed patrol specialized patrol
53
what is basic patrol
the most common type of patrol where officers are responsible for patrolling a defined beat, zone, or district. 1. respond to calls for service (25%) 2. prevent crime through high visibility (40%) 3. self initiated activities (15%) 4. administrative tasks (20%)
54
what is directed patrol
focus agency resources on places, people. and times where an increased risk of crime has been identified statistics - analysis of trends to identify high risk areas targeted - deploy resources in precise locations, during precise times and using strategic methods data collection - determine how effective directed patrol was at solving the problem
55
what is specialized patrol
includes uniform and plain clothed assignments for surveillance or supporting other department personnel with specific investigations and events
56
purpose of neighborhood policing
1. reduce fear 2. improve quality of life
57
3 principles of neighborhood policing
1. partnership 2. problem solving 3. prevention
58
Mission Statement of Boston Police
The Boston Police Department is dedicated to working in partnership with the community to fight crime, reduce fear and improve the quality of life in our neighborhoods. Our Mission is Community Policing.
59
8 types of patrol
1. automobile 2. foot patrol 3. motorcycle 4. mounted 5. canine 6. bike 7. boat 8. plain clothes
60
IFAK stands for
individual first aid kit
61
one officer unit is called:
service unit
62
two officer unit is called:
rapid response unit
63
patrol strategies:
1. aggressive 2. direct detterent 3. random
64
what is aggressive patrol?
the emphasis is on positive. target oriented activities. This may include the observations and stopping to conduct and FIOE of a suspicious person.
65
what is random patrol?
officer varies his/her patrol pattern and becomes unpredictable. If you become predictable criminals will know your routine
66
what is direct deterrent patrol?
officer utilizes crime analysis numbers gathered through information from community police programs, merchants, residents, and community leaders. Based on crime analysis an officer may take their calls from a specific location to bring down a trend in break and entering in that area.
67
styles of policing
watchmen legalistic service style
68
what is watchmen style of policing
the ultimate intent is to maintain order rather than to regulate behavior. ignoring minor offenses and tolerating minor misbehavior is standard
69
what is legalistic style of policing
strict adherence to the law is emphasized. Officers are expected to exercise little discretion and follow letter of the law
70
what is service style of policing
takes all call seriously and usually doesn't impose formal sanctions. officer will intervene but does so in an informal manner
71
Tours of Duty are:
Last Half/Morning Watch (A) 2345-0730 Days (D) 0730-1600 First Half (F) 1600-2345
72
Rank Structure:
Civil Service: Top: Captain Lt. Sgt. Bottom: Police Officer ** Detective is a rating Appointed: Top: Police Commissioner (only 1) Superintendent in chief (only 1) Superintendent Bottom: Deputy Superintendent ** Sgts and above can be appointed
73
aspects to positive community relationships
1. understand the patrol environment by identifying community concerns 2. identify community influencers to include business owners, teachers, coaches, pastors, and gang members 3. be fair and impartial 4. treat every complaint as legitimate and investigate to the fullest extent possible 5. promptly respond to service calls 6. frequently check businesses, homes, and other locations within the patrol area 7. interact with as many community members as possible during a patrol shift
74
Which BPD Rule designates the boundaries ?
Rule 101 and 101A
75
How many areas are there?
5
76
What does the survival triangle consist of?
Tactics Shooting Skills Mental and Physical Preparation
77
What is the foundation of the survival triangle?
Mental and Physical Preparation
78
What is the most dangerous weapon an officer carries w him/her?
Their mind
79
What is stress?
the strain placed on your internal system by anything that disturbs or makes a demand of you
80
What are the different stress responses?
Startle Response Thought Distraction Physical Distress Sensory Distortion Awareness Lapse
81
What is startle response?
animal instinct to jump or make other involuntary movement in reflex to sudden fright, such as the sight or sound of a firearm
82
what is thought distraction?
at the moment you need to focus your concentration on the threat, uninvited thoughts may jam your mind and divert your attention
83
What are signs of physical distress?
Faint Urinate Dry Mouth Aching muscles Vomit Defecate beyond control Sweaty palms Throbbing chest
84
what is sensory distortion?
variety of perceptual distortions occur during a high stress incident tunnel vision sight distortions hearing distortions
85
what is awareness lapse?
refers to mentally blocking out part of a stressful episode while it’s happening and when it’s over
86
How do you combat symptoms of stress and stress responses?
1. Tactical breathing 2. Positive self-talk 3. Crisis rehearsal
87
What are the levels of the awareness spectrum?
White Yellow Orange Red Black
88
what does the white level of awareness spectrum mean?
unprepared and unready to take action
89
what does the yellow level of awareness spectrum mean?
prepared, alert, relaxed. good situational awareness 115BPM
90
what does the orange level of awareness spectrum mean?
alert to probable cause, ready to take action threat assessment, aware of trouble, planning to react to the threat 145BPM
91
what does the red level of awareness spectrum mean?
action mode. focused on the emergency at hand immediate response to the threat made to you or others 180BPM
92
what does the black level of awareness spectrum mean?
panic, breakdown of physical and mental performance state of panic, unable to respond or react to immediate threat 200-250BPM
93
what condition do police officers live in?
condition yellow
94
First Digit of Call Sign: A
alpha: A-1/A-15
95
First Digit of Call Sign: B
bravo: b-2
96
First Digit of Call Sign: C
charlie: b-3
97
First Digit of Call Sign: D
delta: d-4
98
First Digit of Call Sign: E
echo: e-5
99
First Digit of Call Sign: F
fox: c-6
100
First Digit of Call Sign: G
gold: a-7
101
First Digit of Call Sign: H
harry: c-11
102
First Digit of Call Sign: J
jake: e-13
103
First Digit of Call Sign: K
kilo: d-14
104
First Digit of Call Sign: L
lima: e-18
105
First Digit of Call Sign: M
mike: special events
106
First Digit of Call Sign: N
nova: operations
107
First Digit of Call Sign: P
paul: academy
108
First Digit of Call Sign: S
silver: BTD
109
First Digit of Call Sign: T
tango: special operations
110
First Digit of Call Sign: V
victor: BIS
111
First Digit of Call Sign: X
xray: BPS
112
First Digit of Call Sign: Y
yankee: administration
113
Second Digit of Call Sign: 2
patrol wagon
114
Second Digit of Call Sign: 1
rapid response
115
Second Digit of Call Sign: 3
motorcycle
116
Second Digit of Call Sign: 4
neighborhood service unit
117
Second Digit of Call Sign: 5
K-9
118
Second Digit of Call Sign: 6
walking beat/bike
119
Second Digit of Call Sign: 7
mounted unit
120
Second Digit of Call Sign: 8
Detective
121
Second Digit of Call Sign: 9
Sergeant
122
Second Digit of Call Sign: A
Lieutenant
123
Second Digit of Call Sign: C
Command
124
Second Digit of Call Sign: K
Anti-Crime
125
What do the third and fourth digits of the call sign represent?
Sector
126
Fifth Digit of Call Sign: A
alpha: 2345-0730 last half/ morning watch
127
Fifth Digit of Call Sign: D
days: 0730-1600 days
128
Fifth Digit of Call Sign: F
frank: 1600-2345 first half
129
Incident #1
burglar alarm
130
Incident #2
citizen alarm
131
Incident #3
citizen calling for help
132
Incident #4
escort duty
133
Incident #5
fire alarm
134
Incident #6
family trouble
135
Incident #7
gathering outside causing annoyance
136
Incident #8
investigate person
137
Incident #9
investigate premises
138
Incident #10
landlord tenant disturbance
139
Incident #11
lock out
140
Incident #12
noise complaint
141
Incident #13
prowler (no desc.)
142
Incident #14
police service
143
Incident #15
disturbance - drunk
144
Incident #16
disturbance - inside
145
Incident #19
walk and talk
146
Miscel Code : A
adam: not a bona fide incident
147
Miscel Code : B
boy: no person can be found
148
Miscel Code : C
charlie: no such address
149
Miscel Code : D
david: no police service necessary
150
Miscel Code : E
edward: perpetrator gone on arrival
151
Miscel Code : F
frank: peace restored
152
Miscel Code : H
henry: advised to recontact the police if necessary
153
Miscel Code : I
ida: taken to district station
154
Miscel Code : J
john: FIOE prepared
155
Miscel Code : K
king: traffic citation issued
156
Miscel Code : L
lincoln: parking ticket issued
157
Miscel Code : N
nora: accidental/defective alarm
158
Miscel Code : P
paul: service rendered
159
Miscel Code : X
x-ray: clear from CD19
160
CD1
vehicle maintenance
161
CD2
radio maintenance
162
CD3
training
163
CD4
transport - female
164
CD5
transport - prisoner
165
CD6
court attendance
166
CD7
escort duty
167
CD8
school crossing
168
CD9
station assignment
169
CD10
lunch/dinner
170
CD11
warrant service
171
CD12
warrant unit for pickup
172
CD13
out of city
173
CD14
towing
174
CD15
traffic enforcement
175
CD16
moving violation/tagging
176
CD17
car wash
177
CD18
range
178
CD19
walk and talk
179
CD20
gas
180
CD22
emergency shelter coverage
181
CD23
guarding prisoners
182
CD24
209A service
183
CD26
on-duty special assignment
184
CD28
female prisoner search
185
CD19S
walk and talk in school
186
What are the four Ws?
Who you are Where you are What you have What you need
187
radio code for logging on
ocean nora
188
how long do you have to log on?
15 minutes
189
radio code for logging off
ocean frank
190
radio code for arriving on scene:
adam robert
191
clearing a call with an arrest
L20 arrest
192
clearing a call with a report
L20 report
193
what does clearing a call with L20 mean?
lets dispatch know you're unavailable for longer than 20 minutes
194
how do you clear a call after finishing up your report?
Clear with an R
195
if you are the backup unit and are clearing the call, what do you say?
charlie robert
196
Acronym used to describe vehicles
CYMBOL
197
what does the C in CYMBOL stand for
Color of vehicle
198
what does the Y in CYMBOL stand for
year of vehicle
199
what does the M in CYMBOL stand for
make
200
what does the B in CYMBOL stand for
body/model
201
what does the O in CYMBOL stand for
occupants
202
what does the L in CYMBOL stand for
license plate
203
What radio channel is district A on?
channel 2
204
What radio channel is district B on?
channel 3
205
What radio channel is district E on?
channel 4
206
What radio channel is district D on?
channel 5
207
What radio channel is district C on?
channel 6
208
What radio channel is special events on?
channel 1
209
What radio channel is operations on?
channel 8
210
name the parts of the survival triangle
tactics shooting skills mental and physical preparation
211
name the foundation of the survival triangle
mental and physical preparation
212
what are the 10 most fatal errors
1. your attitude 2. tombstone courage 3. not enough rest 4. taking a bad position 5. danger signs 6. failure to watch suspect's hands 7. relaxing too soon 8. improper use or no handcuffs 9. no search or poor search 10. dirty or inoperative weapon
213
what are the 4 steps to tactiful thinking
1. analyze situation 2. anticipate what problems you might encounter 3. deciding what you are going to say and do as part of the plan for controlling the action 4. ability to control your breathing and stay calm
214
what is the triad of tactical thinking
1. problem area - the area of environment around the officer that must be considered when making decisions and using judgement 2. area of responsibility - exact location within a problem area from which an attack could come from **your responsibility regarding any area of responsibility is twofold. you must detect and control and threat that may come from it 3. focus point - clear and present threat that must be immediately controlled to protect you or another innocent party **make sure you know the diagram for this as well
215
what three key questions should you ask yourself as a precaution of overlooking areas of responsibilities?
1. what are your potential hazards in this situation 2. do i control these hazards 3. if i currently do not control these hazards, how can i gain control
216
your tactics should always be ____ and ____
SIMPLE and DIRECT
217
tactics should culminate ______
IN CONTROL
218
what is position 0
in front of the suspect/ train tracks
219
what is position 1
in front of the suspect, off to an angle
220
what is position 2
side of suspect
221
what is position 2.5
behind suspect off to an angle
222
what is position 3
behind suspect
223
what is the position we should be standing in when speaking to a suspect
position 1 aka interview
224
what are the criteria for the interview stance
1. position 1 2. bladed stance 3. gun side away 4. 4-6 feet away from suspect (use your discretion) 5. hands are up above the waist
225
when conducting a threshold inquiry, officers will keep the suspect in
the apex of the triangle
226
what is the contact officer's role?
1. conduct verbal communication with the suspect 2. check suspect for warrants 3. conduct radio transmissions 4. give directions to cover officer 5. writes suspect info down 6. conduct frisks/searches 7. aware of surroundings
227
what is the cover officer's role?
1. observes while on scene 2. maintains and adjusts triangulation position to prevent potential crossfire w contact officer 3. watches person's hands and body movements 4. prevents escape 5. follows contact officer instructions 6. aware of surroundings
228
true or false: contact and cover roles are interchangeable
true
229
what is cover
utilized to stop an incoming bullet i.e. cement barrier, buildings, large trees, telephone poles an object big and dense enough to stop a bullet
230
what is concealment
incapable of stopping a bullet i.e. thin walls, curtains, blinds, car doors, hedge, mailbox
231
what is on-cover
body position in close proximity to cover with weapon touching or extending slightly past the item of cover. use on-cover position to conserve energy or take a precision shot
232
what is off-cover
position body away from or several feet back from cover. use off-cover position to gain additional angles of observation to maximize ability to respond with weapon
233
what is the principle of triangulation
promotes tactical separation, minimize crossfire and maximizes defensive fire
234
what are 5 key risks
invisible deployment surprise distance restraint cover
235
distance is ___ to officer reaction time
proportional
236
if the risks of any encounter outweigh the benefits, it may be safer for officers to temporarily disengage. after disengaging:
1. gain cover 2. contain or monitor suspect 3. evaluate situation 4. develop new action plan 5. request and wait for back up to arrive
237
what are the three principles to success?
1. preparing for your tour of duty (mentally and physically) 2. your success depends on your knowledge of the area 3. maintain yourself with up-to-date information regarding your sector
238
rule 301 covers:
pursuit driving
239
rule 302 covers:
emergency driving
240
what mgl chapter covers operation of emergency vehicles
MGL 89/7B
241
according to MGL Chapter 89/7B, you may cross an intersection after ______, and proceeding with _______
after coming to a full and complete stop and proceeding with caution and due regard
242
if a priority one call comes in and you will be using emergency driving, you must:
acknowledge receipt of call to dispatcher you may now turn on lights and sirens
243
if a priority two or lower call comes in and you will be using emergency driving, you must:
acknowledge receipt of call to dispatcher alert dispatch that you will be using lights and sirens by saying "code 3" you may now turn on lights and sirens
244
who can downgrade/upgrade emergency response?
responding officer patrol supervisor dispatcher
245
you must ______ before activating cruiser lights and sirens
activate your body worn camera think "wheel to wheel"
246
emergency vehicles may proceed through an intersection without stopping if:
a police officer is directing traffic at that specific intersection and waives them through, holding other traffic
247
for a low-profile approach during the daytime, when do you shut off lights and sirens
sirens: 6-8 blocks away lights: 2-4 blocks away
248
for a low-profile approach during the nighttime, when do you shut off lights and sirens
sirens: 10 blocks away lights: 4-8 blocks away
249
name examples of priority one calls:
PERGUN - person with a gun PKNIFE - person with a knife SSA - shotspotter activation OT - officer in trouble DVIP - domestic violence - intimate partner NIDV - non-intimate domestic violence BE/IP - breaking and entering in progress person stabbed person shot
250
name examples of priority two calls:
IVPER - suspicious person prowler
251
responsibilities of primary unit:
take control communicate w operations gather info make arrest preserve crime scene
252
what is the code for barricaded subject/hostage
code 99
253
what are the key concepts/survival tools
gun +1 suspect+1 request back up distance and angles 10 fatal errors crisis rehearsal
254
what is suspect+1 theory
if you see one suspect, assume there is another
255
what is gun+1 theory
if you see/hear/are told there is a gun, assume there is another
256
what must you remember during booking?
not a place to let your guard down do not enter with a firearm stay at position 2 whenever possible de-escalate your prisoner as much as you can continuously read your prisoner's body language **STAY ALERT, STAY ALIVE**
257
booking is done through which system?
Integrated Identification Imaging System
258
during booking, the officer shall:
1. complete computerized booking sheet 2. photograph prisoner 3. inventory prisoner's personal property 4. remove items that can be used to harm persons 5. check state's online suicide list (Q5/SUI) 6. transmit booking folder to identification unit 7. make sure property, property sheet, disposition sheet, booking sheet follow prisoner to another facility
259
what is rule 318 about?
prisoners
260
prisoner shall be permitted to make a phone call within _____
within one hour
261
during a prisoner's one phone call, they may not call:
the victim if it was a domestic violence arrest
262
which unit is responsible for ensuring prisoner's are identified correctly
identification unit
263
no prisoner arrested for a ______ or ____ shall be considered eligible for bail until ______
no prisoner arrested for a felony or violation of MGL c209a shall be considered eligible for bail until their booking information is verified by ID unit
264
female prisoners will be searched by
female officers
265
male and female prisoners may only be transported together if:
they are arrested together for the same offense
266
what is rule 318c about?
care and custody of female prisoners
267
what is rule 318b about?
juveniles
268
what is rule 318d about?
strip searches, visual body cavity, and body cavity search procedures
269
define strip search
search of naked individual without any scrutiny of his/her body cavities; requires last layer of clothing to be removed
270
define visual body cavity search
search that extends to visual inspection of anal and genital regions
271
does the mouth count as a body cavity
no
272
define body cavity search
search conducted pursuant to a warrant that authorizes a physician to conduct an internal manual inspection of body cavity
273
true or false: strip searches and/or body cavity searches may be conducted as a routine part of booking procedure
false
274
who authorizes if warrant be sought for body cavity searches
duty supervisor
275
______ shall a body cavity search be conducted by an officer
under no circumstances
276
officers need _____ to sought out a search warrant
high degree of probable cause
277
who is the only person who can issue a warrant
judge
278
according to new centralized booking unit, where do females get booked where do males get booked
females - d-4 males - nashua st jail
279
according to rule 318 s18.1, when a transporting unit shall notify operations of ____, ___, and ____ during any transport
point of departure, exact time, and odometer reading
280
according to rule 318 s18.1, when a transporting unit shall notify operations of ____ when clearing any transport
exact mileage
281
according to rule 318 s13, the booking officer shall visually check and record their inspection of every prisoner every ______, if the prisoner is on suicide list, they will check every _______
15 minutes if on suicide list, every 5 minutes
282
according to rule 318b, juveniles will get booked at:
the district you are assigned to
283
juvenile detention policy is set forth by
mass general law federal law
284
juveniles under ____ may not be detained in a police lock up for any length of time
14 years old
285
status offenders ____ be placed in lock up for any length of time
may not
286
define status offenders
children under 17 who committed an act against the law but it would not be against the law if an adult did it
287
juveniles between ____ who are charged with delinquency can only be held up to ______
juveniles between 14-17 who are charged with delinquency can only be held up to 6 hours
288
to do a strip search, you need:
suspect in custody approved by duty supervisor only high degree of probable cause that they are in possession of: - weapons - contraband - fruits of crime - instrumentalities of crime which the officer could not reasonably except to discover without forcing suspect to remove all of their clothing
289
what is rule 318a about?
incapacitated persons (MGL 111B)
290
conditions of intoxicated persons
1. unconscious 2. in need of medical attention 3. likely to suffer or cause physical harm / damage property 4. disorderly
291
if someone is incapacitated due to drugs they will be ___
taken to hospital or medical facility
292
every incapacitated person assisted to the station can be asked to take ____
alcohol breath test
293
if the results of the alcohol breath test are .1 or above:
the person is deemed intoxicated and will be placed in protective custody
294
if the results of the alcohol breath test are .05 or below:
the person is deemed not intoxicated and will be released immediately
295
if the results of the alcohol breath test are between .05 and .1:
they will be given a reasonable test of coordination and speech
296
holding period must not exceed ____ for those recovering from intoxication
12 hours