Lexicon: aka Lexical aspects.
Those aspects of a language which relate to words.
- Greek word means dictionary.
- Based on term Lexis.
Lexis:
- Means word
- Is used as a a collective expression in linguistic terminology in reference to vocabulary.
Lexicology:
The study of Lexis and Lexicon.
How many branches is grammar viewed to have:
Two. Syntax and morphology.
Syntax means:
The arrangement of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases, and the study of the formation of sentences and the relationship of their component parts.
Word Token:
The total number of words in a text.
-Example:
The phrase ‘going, going, gone’ will be considered a three word expression on a count of tokens, but will be considered to have only two words ‘going and gone’ on a count of type.
The Orthographic Approach:
- The word is defined as a sequence of letters bounded on either side by a blank space.
- Or a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation.
- Not used in Japanese or Chinese. Can be used in Roman or Cyrillic.
- NOT a product of literary.
The Phonetic Approach:
- Focuses on how a word may be identifiable, according to the way the word sounds.
- Due to pronunciation, there is a loss of certain letters in inital english word, leading to a lack of phonetic independence leading to linguistic changes.
The Phonological Approach:
-Defines a word through the characteristics of the words in particular sound systems.
-In English, words tend to have one stressed syllable.
+Example:
re’new’, re’new’able. re’new’ibility.
‘danc’ing, ‘life’boat crew, ‘build’ing
The Semantic Approach:
- Questions the limitation to the sounds of word definitions.
- There are individual units of meaning expressed in single, simple units.
The Grammatical Approach:
- Focuses on the characterisation of the word that seems to be least problematic, which defines words in grammatical terms.
- Uses the criteria of ‘positionally mobile’ and ‘internal stability’.
Positionally Mobile:
Words that are not fixed to places in a sentence.
-Example: The sentence ‘the cat drowsily stretched her elegant forelegs’ can be written in various ways, without adding or removing any words in the sentence.
Internal Stability:
Refers to the fact that within words the order of morphemes remain consistent.
-The morphemic constituents of ‘forelegs’ (for+e+leg+s) cannot be altered around.
What the five approaches that Singleton suggests for defining a word?
- Orthographic Approach.
- Phonetic Approach.
- Phonological Approach.
- Semantic Approach.
- Grammatical Approach.
What does Lemma mean?
Refers to the dictionary form.
What does Lexeme mean?
The connotation of the words.
