Leyes study guide

Question 1

DNA that enters a bacterial cell can be _____, integrated into the host ______, or integrated into a _____ (extrachromosomal element

Answer 1

• degraded
• chromosome
• plasmid

Question 2

______ _____, or restriction enzymes, are used by bacteria to _____ foreign DNA

Answer 2

• Resriction endonucleases

- degrade

Question 3

______ is the uptake of naked DNA by “_____ ____”

Answer 3

• transformation

- “competent cells”

Question 4

______ is the transfer of DNA between bacteria through a ______

Answer 4

• transduction

- virus

Question 5

______ is transfer of DNA through cell to cell contact using a ____ ____

Answer 5

• conjugation

- sex pilus

Question 6

mutations in DNA can cause ______ resistance. ______ can be the result of base changes, deletions, insertions, duplications, or rearrangements. ______ are less likely to cause antibiotic resistance

Answer 6

• antibiotic
• mutations
• deletions

Question 7

different bacteria occupy different environmental _____ in the oral cavity. sub gingival bacteria are generally ______. supra gingival bacterial are generally ______.

Answer 7

• niches
• proteolitic
• saccrolitic

Question 8

factors that promote ______ in the oral cavity include adherence properties, synergistic bacteria, nutritional substrates, temperature, and moisture content

Answer 8

colonization

Question 9

factors that inhibit colonization in the oral cavity include what three things?

Answer 9

• antimicrobial properties of saliva
• mechanical shearing
• antagonistic bacteria

Question 10

there are MANY bacteria that are associated with _______, while there are FEWER species associated with ______ _____

Answer 10

• periodontitis

- periodontal health

Question 11

shifts in microbial composition occur in ______, however no _____ is found in all patients with periodontitis and never found in _____ subjects

Answer 11

• periodontitis
• bacterium
• healthy

Question 12

the tissue destruction that occurs during periodontitis is mainly the result of a _____ _____

Answer 12

host response

Question 13

there is a small shift from gram _____ to gram _____ during periodontitis

Answer 13

• positive

- negative

Question 14

the complexity of the ____ _____ increases during periodontal disease

Answer 14

microbial community

Question 15

there is a slight shift to more ______ _____ in periodontitis

Answer 15

uncultivated bacteria

Question 16

microbial _____ declines in caries

Answer 16

diversity

Question 17

there is a progression of ____ _____ as caries progresses

Answer 17

dominant species

Question 18

each location in the oral cavity has its own associated _____ _____. however there is _____ of the species

Answer 18

• microbial composition

- overlap