1
Q
Some traits are the result of multiple genes, while others are attributable to a single pair of genes that contain a single dominant gene or two __ genes.
A
Recessive
2
Q
Brown eyes and dark hair require __, while green or blue eyes and blond hair require __.
A
A single dominant gene
A pair of recessive genes
3
Q
The contribution of heredity to an observed characteristic can be expressed in terms of a heritability estimate, which indicates the extent to which phenotypes vary within groups as the result of differences in __.
A
Genotype
4
Q
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model distinguishes between five contexts that influence development – microsystem, __, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
A
Mesosystem
5
Q
- Rutter identified several factors (indicators) that increase a child’s risk for psychopathology - I.e., severe __ low SES, large family size, parental __, maternal psychopathology, and placement of the child outside the home.
A
Marital discord
Criminality
6
Q
- Research investigating the impact of early stress on development suggests that high-risk babies are less likely to have negative outcomes when the babies experience fewer stressors following birth and have an easy temperament marked by a high degree of __ and good communication skills.
A
Social responsivity
7
Q
- Three types of genotype-environment correlation have been proposed to explain how genetic and environmental factors combine to produce an individual’s attributes: passive, __, and active.
A
Evocative
8
Q
- Active genotype-environmental correlation is also known as __ and occurs when children seek out experiences that are consistent with their genetic predispositions.
A
Niche-picking
9
Q
- In contrast to critical periods, __ periods are more flexible and longer in duration.
A
a. Sensitive
10
Q
- Birth defects are caused by a number of factors. PKU is due to the presence of a pair of __, Down Syndrome is the result of an extra __, ___ syndrome is caused by the presence of two or more X chromosomes along with the single Y chromosome, and Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by a chromosomal __.
A
Recessive genes
Number 21 chromosome
Klinefelter
Deletion
11
Q
- The critical period for teratogens varies from organ to organ but, overall, exposure during the __ stage is most likely to cause major structural abnormalities.
A
Embryonic
12
Q
- Alcohol consumption by a pregnant woman can cause __, which encompasses a range of conditions that involve largely irreversible physical, behavioral, and/or cognitive abnormalities.
A
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
13
Q
_ use by a pregnant woman increases the risk for stillbirth, SIDS, seizures, low birthweight, an exaggerated startle response, and developmental delays.
A
Cocaine
14
Q
- The most common symptoms of congenital CMV are some degree of __ and hearing and vision impairments.
A
Intellectual disability
15
Q
- Prenatal malnutrition is associated with a number of abnormalities, with severe __ deficiency during the third trimester being especially detrimental for the developing brain.
A
Protein
16
Q
- Prolonged __ during the birth process can result in delayed motor and cognitive development, intellectual disability, and, in severe cases, cerebral palsy.
A
Anoxia
17
Q
- At birth, the brain is only about 25% of its adult weight but following birth, it grows quickly and by age 2, it has reached about __ of its adult weight.
A
80%
18
Q
- This growth is due less to the addition of new neurons than to an increase in interconnections between neurons and the formation of __ cells, which are responsible for the myelination of nerve fibers.
A
Glial
19
Q
- While the lower centers of the brain are sufficiently developed at birth to control the life-maintaining reflexes, the __ is almost completely undeveloped, and the __ cortex may not be fully developed until the early or mid-20’s.
A
Cerebral cortex
Prefrontal
20
Q
- The brain compensates for the atrophy of neurons in adulthood by forming new synaptic connections and creating new neurons in the __ and possibly other areas of the brain.
A
Hippocampus
21
Q
- Reflexes present in the newborn include the __ reflex, which occurs when the soles of the feet are tickled, and the __ reflex, which occurs in response to a loud noise or sudden loss of physical support.
A
Babinski
Moro
22
Q
- By about __ of age, an infant’s visual acuity is close to that of normal adults.
A
6 months
23
Q
- With regard to visual stimuli, newborns prefer to look at __ patterns.
A
High-contrast
24
Q
- In terms of hearing, newborns are only slightly less sensitive to sound intensity than adults, and auditory __ is evident following birth but seems to disappear between two and four months and then improves during the rest of the first year.
A
Localization
25
25. There is evidence that full-term infants who undergo painful medical procedures during infancy later exhibit __ responsivity to pain.
Heightened
26
26. At about __ months of age, most children are able to pull themselves to standing while holding onto furniture; by __ months, they take their first steps alone.
9-10
12
27
27. At around __ months of age, about 50% of children use the toilet during the day, and by __, most children exhibit a stable preference for the right or left hand.
24
4 years
28
28. Gender differences in motor development become apparent in middle childhood when girls become superior in terms of __, while boys become superior in terms of strength and gross motor skills.
Flexibility, agility, and balance
29
29. For adolescent boys, __ physical maturation has been linked to greater popularity with peers and superior athletic skill as well as to increased risk for drug and alcohol abuse, and increased risk for developing depression or an eating disorder.
Early
30
30. Increasing age is associated with a number of changes in sensory and psychomotor functioning. Common changes in vision include __ (an inability to focus on close objects), loss of visual acuity, reduced depth and color perception, and increased __ sensitivity.
Presbyopia
Light
31
31. One of the most consistent findings is that normal aging is accompanied by behavioral __, which adversely affects performance on a variety of sensorimotor, perceptual, and cognitive tasks.
Slowing
32
32. One of the best predictors of a child’s successful adjustment to a chronic illness is __ (especially level of functional impairment).
Illness severity
33
33. There is also evidence that children with cancer and other life-threatening illnesses have better psychological outcomes when they are given accurate and __ appropriate information about their illness.
Developmentally
34
34. Survey results for 2013 indicate that, among youth 12 to 17 years of age, 8.8% reported using __ in the past month, while 11.6% reported using __.
An illicit drug
Alcohol
35
35. Surveys of older adults indicate that men and women both report __ as a primary reason for a lack of sexual activity.
Physical health problems in men
36
36. According to Piaget, adaptation reflects two complementary processes: ___ involves incorporating new information new information into existing schemas, while __ entails modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information.
Assimilation
Accommodation
37
37. Piaget distinguished between four stages of development that he considered to be both universal and invariant: During the ___ stage, development depends on the sensory information provided by objects and other people and the actions that can be performed upon them.
Sensorimotor
38
38. Major accomplishments of this stage include the development of __ thought, __ permanence, __ imitation, and make-believe play.
Representational (symbolic)
Object
Deferred
39
39. The preoperational stage is characterized by a number of limitations including __ reasoning, which underlies magical thinking and __, which is the tendency to attribute human characteristics to inanimate objects.
Precausal (transducive)
Animism
40
40. Children in the __ stage are capable of conservation, which depends on the operations of reversibility and __.
Concrete operational
Decentration
41
41. Piaget used the term __ to describe the gradual acquisition of conservation abilities and other abilities within a specific stage of development.
Horizontal decalage
42
The __ stage is characterized by the ability to think abstractly and engage in __ reasoning.
Formal operational
Hypothetico-deductive
43
43. The beginning of this stage involves renewed egocentrism, which, according to Elkind, is reflected in two phenomena – the personal fable and the __.
Imaginary audience
44
44. In contrast to Piagetians, information processing theorists focus on development within specific __.
Cognitive domains
45
45. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory focuses on the role of social and cultural factors and emphasizes the importance of the zone of __, which refers to the discrepancy between a child’s current developmental leval and the level that he or she can reach when an adult or more experienced peer provides appropriate __.
Proximal development
Scaffolding
46
46. Research comparing the memory of children and adults suggests that, until about age __, children to not regularly use rehearsal, elaboration, and other memory strategies.
9-10
47
47. Improvements on cognitive tasks that occur as children get older are due, in part, to improvements in __ (“thinking about thinking”).
Metacognition
48
48. Among older adults, __ memory shows the greatest age-related decline, which appears to be due primarily to problems related to the use of effective __ strategies.
Recent long-term
Encoding
49
49. The ability of adults to have better recall of autobiographical events that occurred between the ages of 10 and 30 is referred to as the __.
Reminiscence bump
50
50. The nativist approach attributes language acquisition to __ mechanisms.
Biological
51
51. For example, Chomsky proposes the existence of an innate __ that makes it possible for a person to acquire language after being exposed to it.
Language acquisition device (LAD)
52
52. In contrast, the __ approach views language development as being due to a combination of biological and environmental factors.
Interactionist
53
53. __ bootstrapping refers to a child’s use of his or her knowledge of the meaning of words to infer their grammatical structure.
Semantic
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