What are the Developmental Domains
Physical development is defined as the pattern of changes that occur in biological processes, therefore resulting in changes of a physical nature.
Cognitive development can be viewed as patterns of changes in thought, intelligence, and languages.
Psychosocial development explores patterns of changes in relationships, emotions, and temperament and personality
What are the Developmental Periods?
Prenatal
Conception- birth
Infancy
0-1 years is a young infant
1-2 years is an older infant
Childhood
2-5 years (Young Child)
6-12 years (Older child)
Adolescence
12-20 years
Early adulthood
20-40 years
Middle adulthood
40-60 years
Older adulthood
60+ years (progression)
60+ years (wellbeing)prenatal periods
Zygote 0-1 weeks
Embryonic 1-8 weeks
Foetal 8weeks – birth
Key development theorists
Physical development theorists is
We will predominantly use Gallahue’s Model for Classifying Movement to learn about the phases of motor development. We also use Gesell’s developmental principles.
Cognitive theorist
We will be using Piaget’s theory to explore milestones of cognitive development
Psychosocial development
Erikson
What are teratogens?
- Teratogens are any environmental agents that causes damage during the prenatal period
- Prescription and non-prescription drugs
- Illegal drugs
- Tobacco
- Alcohol – fatal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
- Radiation
- Environmental Pollution
- Infectious diseases
Chromosomes
Chromosomes 23 airs 1 pair of sex chromosomes X and Y - male needs an X and Y to be male - female needs two Xs
Gesell’s Developmental Principles
- Direction of control of development
- Cephalocaudal (head to foot)
- Proximo-distal (midline-extremities) - Reciprocal interweaving
- Gross to fine movements (Differentiation)
- Simple to complex (Integration)
- Involuntary to Voluntary - Posture
- Stability to mobility
Growth vs maturation
Growth
- Physical changes in quantity rather than skill changes (Commonly body size)
Maturation
- Progression along a pre-defined continuum to a more advanced st5ate (time FRAME OF DEVELOPMENTAL EVENTS)
Gallahues reflective movement phase discusses
- Stability - labyrinthine righting reflex, neck righting reflex and body righting reflex
- Locomotion – crawling, stepping and swimming reflex
- Manipulation – grasping – palmar and plantar, pull-up reflex
Conception to 6 months
Gallahues rudimentary Movement phase
- Stability – head and neck control, trunk control, unsupported sitting, standing
- Locomotion – crawling, creeping, upright gait
- Manipulation – reaching, grasping and releasing
6-24 months
Gallahues rudimentary Movement phase discusses
- Stability – head and neck control, trunk control, unsupported sitting, standing
- Locomotion – crawling, creeping, upright gait
- Manipulation – reaching, grasping and releasing
6-24 months
Manipulation
Manipulation: Prehension
- Reaching- moving hand from initial location to target
- Grasping – shaping of the hand around the object
Types of Reflexes
Primitive
Postural/locomotor reflexes
Postural
Types of primitive reflexes
- Sucking
- Rooting
- Moro Startle
- Babinski
- Grasping (Palmar)
- Grasping (Plantar)
- Tonic neck – Asymmetric
- Tonic neck – symmetric
Postural and locomotor reflexes
- Head and body righting
- Labyrinthine righting
- Pull-up
- Parachute
- Stepping
- Swimming
Describe Language in the 1st year
- Baby changes from reflexive to self-assertive, purposeful, problem-solving beginning, has begun to master language
- Cognition and language mutually support each other
- One year- One-word sentences
- Start to represent the world with symbols, most importantly language
- Extend object permanence to consistencies of many types
language milestones up to 12 months
2 months - infants coo, making pleasant vowel sounds
4 months- infants observe caregiver playing turn-taking games
6 months - infants babble, adding consonant sounds
8-12 months - infants comprehend some words, establish joint attention with caregiver who names objects. infants use preverbal gestures e.g showing, point, waving bye
sensorimotor stage ( Birth-24 months) Piagets
repeating chance behaviours which last (birth -8 months)
- actions maybe reflex initially but baby starts to volitionally repeat to get the visual/auditory/tactile response
Intentional behaviour which last 8-18 months
- beginning of problem solving. E.g able to uncover a hidden toy, pull a toy on a string, Imitation of adult actions, try different actions to achieve an outcome
mental representation which lasts 18-24 months
- create mental pictures of objects, people, places and concepts by grouping together similar objects/events. experiment with actions in their heads not just trait and error
eriksons stages:
1st year of life is Trust verse Mis trust
2nd year of life is Autonomy vs Doubt and Shame
trust versus mistrust
trust during infancy is achieved by having basic nets met by responsive and sensitive caregivers
mis trust is developed through uncertainty about the future and inconsistent needs met.
approximate age prior infancy
defining event - mutual affirmation
autonomy vs doubt and shame
autonomy is developed as a toddler by being permitted to assert ones will and establish a rudimentary sense of independence.
shame and doubt is develop out of overly harsh and inconsistent discipline and smothering behaviours by caregivers
toddlers
terrible twos
Bowlby’s theory of Attachment
- Pre-attachment phase Birth – 6 weeks
- Attachment in making phase 6 weeks – 6-8 months
- Clear cut attachment phase 6-8 months to 18-2 years
- Formation of Reciprocal relationships 18 months – 2 years and on
- Pre-attachment phase Birth – 6 weeks
Pre-attachment (birth to 6 weeks)
• Babies built in signals attract adults to provide care (do not discriminate)
Attachment in the making ( 6 weeks to approx 6-8 months)
Attachment in the making ( 6 weeks to approx 6-8 months)
• Expect caregiver to respond but not concerned if separated. (directs towards parent/caregiver- but not separation anxiety)
