1
Q
what are the three principles of development?
A
- Development is lifelong
- development is multicontextual
- development is multidirectional
2
Q
what did Nativists believe?
A
we are born with basic information about how the world works.
3
Q
what did Empiricists believe?
A
believed that children are born as blank slates, fully dependent on environment.
4
Q
what does tabulae rasae mean
A
blank slate
5
Q
what did preformationists believe?
A
that a fully formed human exists in the sperm or egg at conception.
6
Q
what did Maturationists believe?
A
that development is activated by genes
7
Q
what three developmental domains do developmental psychologists study across time?
A
- physical development
- cognitive development
- psychosocial development
8
Q
what is physical development?
A
growth, motor skills
9
Q
what is cognitive development?
A
thinking, reasoning
10
Q
what is psychosocial development?
A
having and regulating emotions, personality, social relationships
11
Q
what is continuous development?
A
gradually improving on existing skills
12
Q
what is discontinuous development?
A
development that takes place in unique stages
13
Q
T or F: some aspects of development are universal across all cultures
A
True
14
Q
T or F: some aspects of development are not unique to each culture?
A
False
15
Q
what is a score of 0 on the Heritability Index?
A
100% environment
16
Q
100% genes is a score of __ on the Heritability Index?
A
1
17
Q
Define heritability
A
a measure of how much of a trait is due to genetic factors
18
Q
How long does the germinal stage last?
A
from conception to 2 weeks
19
Q
what are the two tasks that are completed during the germinal stage?
A
- implantation
- cell division
20
Q
what period of time does the embryonic stage occur?
A
weeks 2-8 of pregnancy
21
Q
what 3 tasks occur during the embryonic stage?
A
- cell differentiation
- hormone production
- placenta development
22
Q
the _____ is a fluid filled reservoir to regulate temperature and protect baby
A
amniotic sac
23
Q
The _____ allows for nutrient exchange and filters harmful materials
A
placenta
24
Q
The _____ links the embryo to the placenta and transfers all material.
A
umbilical cord
25
what period of time does the fetal stage occur
weeks 8-40 of pregnancy
26
what tasks occur during the fetal stage?
1. brain development
2. growth
3. development of senses
27
what 4 key tasks occur during months 4-6 of prenatal development?
1. respiratory systems
2. light sensitivity
3. sleep-wake cycles
4. viability (23-25 weeks)
28
what 3 key tasks occur during months 7-9 of prenatal development
1. Lungs expand and contract
2. weight gain
3. temperature regulation
29
The person that responds ____ _____ and _____ will become our primary caregiver. We form an ______ _____ with this caregiver called attachment.
most consistently and quickly
emotional bond
30
Tor F: attachment is caused by a biological bond
False
31
during the harlow experiment, did the young monkey form an attachment to the wire mother or terry-cloth mother?
Terry-cloth mother
32
infants will form different qualities of attachments based on:
1. the infant's _____
2. the parent's _____
3. the parent's ______
1. temperament
2. attentiveness
3. mind-mindness
33
what is mind-mindness and the benefit of it?
parents who view their child like a mini adult and see the baby as their own person with their own needs. they do not get as frustrated and respond more calmly and consistently
34
by the late 1980s how many children were in orphanages due to the social policy of Romania?
170,000
35
what percentage of children in Romanian orphanages displayed a secure attachment style?
3%
36
what is an en caul birth?
when a baby is born with the amniotic sac still intact
37
at which week is a pregnancy considered viable?
23-25 weeks
38
T or F: piaget's stages are continuous
True
39
what are piaget's 4 stages
sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational
40
at what ages do the following stages occur/develop and what are the key accomplishments, according to piaget?
1. sensorimotor
2. pre-operational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational
1. 0-2, schemas and object permanence
2. 2-6, theory of mind
3. 6-11, conservation
4. 11+, abstract and logical thought
41
what is a schema and give an example
development by babies as to how the world works. example: dogs are four legged creatures with tails
42
T or F: according to piaget, not everyone develops the stage of "formal operation"
True
43
what is assimilation
when a child fits new info into an existing schema but does not change the schema itself
44
what is accommodation
whena child modifies an existing schema or creates a new schema in response to new info
45
what is object permanence
when a child understands that an object still exists even when it is removed from their sight
46
what is emotional development
when a child starts to experience, imitate and regulate their emotions
47
what is egocentrism and what theory applies
a child's ability to see a situation from another persons perspective
the sally anne theory
48
in the sally anne theory, if the child says to look in the box are they egocentric or have they developed theory of mind?
egocentric
49
in the sally anne theory, if the child says to look in the basket are they egocentric or have they developed theory of mind?
theory of mind
50
what is animism
a form of pre-causal thinking
51
what is pre-causal thinking
when they dont think in logical cause and effect relationships
52
dramatic/pretend play help to solidify learning and plays a role in the development of what 4 things?
creativity, problem solving, theory of mind, social skills
53
T or F: piaget believed that babies are born only with anger, fear and happiness
True
54
according to piaget, the core emotions of anger, fear and happiness later develop to secondary emotions such as ____, ______, and ______.
pride, envy and shame
55
what is conservation
when the physical properties of an object stay the same despite an object's appearance (pouring milk from a short wide glass into a tall skinny glass makes it seem as though there is more)
56
how much of a human's brain develops after birth?
75%
57
what is a teratogen and give an example
anything that a mother passes to her unborn child via the placenta which can cause impairment to development
Mercury in fish, lead in water, radon, alcohol, drugs and tobacco
58
waht does FAS stand for and what is it
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
a developmental disorder from a mother drinking large amounts of alcohol while pregnant
59
what are the harmful effects of using tobacco while pregnant
premature birth, low birth weight, and attention problems in early life
60
T or F: second hand smoke does not cause the same harmful effects to an unborn baby as direct smoke inhilation
F
61
what does IUGR stand for and what is it
intra-uterine growth restriction
Mothers who do not get sufficient nutrition during pregnancy can give birth to children that are underweight and can cause mental and physical health issues
62
at what ages does infancy occur
birth to 24 months
63
what is motor development
when a baby learns to do things like reach, grasp, crawl, and walk
64
Examples of Motor reflexes are rooting reflex which is ________________________________________.
when an object touches a baby’s cheek and they move their mouth towards it, sucking
65
what is Cephalocaudal principle
when baby’s motor skills develop beginning from head to toe
66
what is proximodistal principle
when baby’s motor skills develop from inside out, for example their knees and elbows before hands and feet
67
T or F: babies are always able to understand language before they can speak it
T
68
what is a cultural definition of adulthood
Some cultures define adulthood by using rituals (series of actions that have rules and order)
69
what is the tanner stages and what are the two subscales
Used in clinical settings for medical screening and to counsel adolescents
development of external genitalia for males and female breast development scale
70
what is psychosocial maturity
ability to socialize, more emotional maturity, keep and make friendships
71
what is cognitive capacity
being able to think and learn and understand
72
what is permissive parenting and the outcome of it
engaged, but no rules or expectations
struggles with any sort of discipline
73
what is uninvolved parenting and the outcome of it
disengaged, no rules
struggles with social relationships
74
what is authoritarian parenting and the outcome of it
harsh, rules without explanation
fears parents rather than respects them
75
what is authoritative parenting and the outcome of it
warm, but sets out rules and guidelines
best outcomes, good behaviors
76
PSYC121
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