1
Q
microsystem
A
1st level
child’s immediate environment
-face to face relationships
-parents
2
Q
mesosystem
A
2nd level
- interactions between factors in child’s microsystem
- parent-teacher conference
3
Q
exosystem
A
- 3rd level
- elements in the broader environment
- parents work, school board, community agencies
4
Q
macrosystem
A
4th level
- overarching environmental influences
- cultural beliefs, economic conditions, political ideologies
5
Q
chronosystem
A
5th level
- environmental or historical events and transitions that occur over an individual’s lifespan
- landing on the moon
6
Q
PKU
A
recessive gene disorder (homozygous for the condition)
- can cause intellectual disability
- treated with diet changes
7
Q
Down Syndrome
A
disorder due to extra chromosome on 21
8
Q
Klinefelter Syndrome
A
in males
presence of two or more X chromosomes along with a single Y
9
Q
Prader-Willi
A
chromosomal deletion
-have some degree of mental retardation, are obese, and may have obsessive-compulsive behaviors
10
Q
Turner Syndrome
A
in females
11
Q
When are you most susceptible to teratogens
A
weeks 3 - 8
12
Q
Piaget’s stages of development
A
Sensorimotor-birth - 2 yrs
- learn about objects and others via sensory info
- object permanence-objects continue to exist when out of sight
Preoperational Stage-2 - 7yrs
-learn via symbolic function
-incomplete understanding of cause and effect
magical thinking, egocentrism, focus on most noticeable feature-(water & different size glasses)
Concrete Operational Stage-7 - 11yrs
-Conservation - more abstract thinking
Formal Operational-11+years
- think abstractly and uses deductive reasoning
- renewed egocentrism
- Personal fable-belief that one is unique and not subject to natural laws
- Imaginary audience:-belief that one is always the center of attention
13
Q
Assimilation
A
incorporation of new knowledge into existing schemas
14
Q
Accommodation
A
modification of existing schemas to incorporate new knowledge
15
Q
circadian arousal and age (peak time for performance)
A
older adults: morning
younger adults: morning and evening
16
Q
In regards to memory, when compared to young adults, old adults exhibit declines in what areas
A
Greatest decline is in recent long-term memory
then working memory
Remote long term memory, memory span, and sensory memory are unaffected
Episodic memory is more adversely affected by increasing age
17
Q
semantic bootstrapping
A
child uses knowledge of meaning of words to infer their syntactical category
18
Q
Syntactic bootstrapping
A
child uses syntactical knowledge to learn the meaning of new words
19
Q
Phonemes
A
smallest units of sound that are understood in a language
20
Q
Morphemes
A
smallest unit of sound that conveys meaning
21
Q
Stages of language acquisition
A
- crying
- cooing & babbling (6-8 weeks of age)
- Echolalia & expressive jargon (9 months)-imitate adult speech
- First words (13 months)-often nominals, labels for objects, people, or events
- Telegraphic speech-string 2 or more words together
- Vocab growth-at 18 months
- Grammatically correct sentences: 2.5-5 yrs
- Metalinguistic Awareness: early school years-can think about language
22
Q
Bilingual children and academic performance
A
- do as well as or better than monolingual children
- maybe more cognitively flexible
- may be temporary and differences go away at adolescence
23
Q
maternal malnutrition has most severe consequences
A
6-9 months
24
Q
by what age has the brain achieved 80% of its weight
A
2 yrs
25
what is a key contributor to a child's development of conduct disorder
parents childbearing skills
26
effortful (inhibitory) control becomes stable by X months
33-45
27
malnutrition during fetal development is likely to have what effect on the brain
reduced number of brain cells
28
According to the 2013 National Survey on Drug use, the largest percentage of respondents ages 12-17 used
alcohol
29
effects of maternal depression on infant development
infants are higher risk for psychopathology and may show symptoms of disturbance as early as 3 months of age
30
Piaget-ability for a child to see someone else perform a behavior and subsequently perform that behavior depends on X
mental representation
31
PIaget-focusing on the most noticeable feature of an object
centration
32
studies during the first 2 years of life indicate that infants first exhibit recognition memory for up to 24 hours following the presentation of a stimulus at X months of age
3
33
stages of grief
```
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance
```
34
impact of parents gender stereotypes about math ability on their children's interest in math found...
maternal and paternal stereotypes have an impact on both boys and girls
35
According to Vygotsky, what creates the zone of proximal development
make believe play
36
parents gender stereotypes of their offspring
parents perceive boys and girls differently within 24 hours after birth
37
Onset of stranger anxiety
8-10 months
38
Origins of aggressiveness in children relates to X (according to Patterson & colleagues)
coercive exchanges between parent & child
39
After maternal remarriage what are the results in comparing mothers who have remarried vs. mothers who haven't
boys adapt better and show better adjustment than male peers whose mothers have not remarried
40
Otitis Media
childhood disease associated with mild to moderate hearing loss that may have a negative impact on school achievement
41
At what age do children understand race as a social, biological, and physical category
10 yrs old
42
zone of proximal development
Vygotsky-the discrepancy between a childs current developmental level and the level of development that is just beyond the current level and can be reached with scaffolding
43
Freud's stages
Oral-(birth - 1yr) sensation and stimulation
Anal (1-3) control of body waste
Phallic (3-6) sexual energy is centered in the genitals
Latency (6-12) social skills
Genital (12+) sexual desire is combined with affection
44
Erickson's Psychosocial Development Stages
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
45
Kohlberg's cognitive development & acquisition of gender role identity
1 age 2-3-gender identity (male or female)
2 gender stability
3 gender constancy
46
Bem and gender role
a combo of social learning and cognitive development
| we develop frameworks of masculinity and femininity
47
Secure Attachment-baby's reaction when mom is present, leaves, then returns
characteristics of mother
- baby will explore room and play when mom is present
- baby becomes mildly upset when mom leaves
- baby actively seeks contact when she returns
Mothers are sensitive and responsive
48
Insecure (Anxious)/Ambivalent Attachment-baby's reaction when mom is present, leaves, then returns
characteristics of mother
- baby alternates between clinging & resisting mom
- baby is very disturbed when left alone
- baby is ambivalent when mom returns and may resist physical contact
Mothers are moody and inconsistent
49
Insecure (Anxious)/Avoidant Attachment-baby's reaction when mom is present, leaves, then returns
characteristics of mother
- baby interacts very little with mother
- baby shows little distress when mom leaves
- avoids or ignores when mom returns
-Mothers tend to be impatient & unresponsive or provide children with too much stimulation
50
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment-baby's reaction when mom is present, leaves, then returns
characteristics of mother
- baby is fearful of mom
- may greet or turn away from parents
- about 80% of children with this attachment pattern have been mistreated
51
Piaget's heterononmous vs. autonomous morality
heteronomous morality-morality of constraint; children believe rules are set by authority figures and can't be altered
autonomous morality-morality of cooperation; children view rules as arbitrary and being alterable when the people who are governed by them agree to change them -focus is more on the intention of the act
52
Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory
Preconventional-good and bad depend on consequences and/or reinforcement
Conventional: the right action is approved by others; moral judgments are based on the rules and laws
Post Conventional: the right action is consistent with democratically determined laws and can be modified. Right and wrong are chosen by broad, self-chosen, universally applicable ethical principles
53
movement through Kohlber's Moral stages depends on
motivation, opportunities, and exposure
54
Gilligan's Theory or morality
indicated females moral judgments are based on concerns related to caring, compassion, and responsibility
55
concordance rate for biological siblings reared together
.45
56
Erikson & Freud's corresponding stages
birth-1: basic trust vs. mistrust-Freud's oral stage
age 1-3: autonomy vs. shame and doubt-Freud anal
age 3-6: initiative vs. guilt-Freud phallic
age 6-11: industry vs. inferiority-Freud latency
57
According to Erikson the purpose of play is to
master social and emotional experiences
58
Congenital Cytomegalovirus
second most common cause of intellectual diability
causes hearing and visual impairments
59
a measure of bone maturation and is determined via xrays
gender differences?
skeletal age
gender: girls are ahead of boys from birth and this gap increases throughout infancy and childhood
60
Montessori method
assumption that all learning stems from sense perception
61
It can be difficult to distinguish between ADHD and OCD because with ADHD
they may compensate for their attention deficits by developing repetitive routines
62
Rutter's research
investigative resiliency in children and emphasized that reducing reisk impact, negative chain reactions, promoting self esttem and self efficacy, and providing opportunities is good for promoting resilience in high risk children
63
characteristics of authoritarian parenting
low responsiveness and high demandingness
64
characteristics of permissive pearenting
low demandingness and high responsiveness
65
characteristics of uninvolved prents
low demandingness and low responsiveness
66
authroritian parenting
high demandingness high responsiveness
67
when infants cry how do adults respond
both parents and non parents exhibit an increase in heart rate and blood pressure
68
disorders that are caused by an autosomal dominant gene
Huntingtons disease, Marfan syndrome, Von Willebrand disease
69
Which developmental changes is most likely to occur in males between 40 - 45
shift in perspective from time since birth to time left to live
70
Kagan's beliefs and findings regarding tmperament qualities
he focued on behavioral inibition as the key determinant of later personality
he found infants with a high degree of behavioral inhibition also exhibit high CNS activity (especially in the amygdala and hypothalamus)
71
Babkin reflex
in response to an object being placed against infants palms
72
Darwinian reflex
placing object in infants hand
73
Moro reflex
in response to a loud noise or being dropped
74
Babinski reflex
tickling the middle of the soles of an infants feet
75
Maladaptive and strength outcomes for Erickson's stages of psychosocial development
trust vs. mistrust: hope & withdrawl
autonomy vs. shame: will & compulsion
initiative vs. guilt: purpose & inhibition
industry vs. inferiority: Competence & inertia
identity vs. identity confusion: fidelity & repudiation
intimacy vs. isolation: love & exclusivity
genrativity vs. stagnation: care & rejectivity
integrity vs. despair: wisdom & disdain
76
Permissive and uninvolved parenting & harsh and inconsistent parenting is associated with
Antisocial PD
77
Research by Kenneth and Mamie Clark was used to support the argument
that school segregation contributes to a negative self-image among Af American children
78
pride shame and guilt are evident by what age
30 months
79
Erickson coined the term
adolescent identity crisis
80
Stanley Hall coined the term
adolescent storm and stress
81
Separation anxiety age of onset and peak
onset 6-8 months
| peak 14-18 months
82
Private speech (Vygotsky)
self-directed speech that guides child behavior
83
Rooting reflex
infant turns their head in the direction of touch applied to their cheek
84
which of the 5 senses are the least developed at birth and when is it fully developed
vision
by 6 months fully developed
85
auditory localization in infants
is present shortly after birth then disappears between 2-4 months
Reappears and improves
86
Rosenthal effect
self-fulfilling prophecy/experimenter expectancy-when expectations about performance can have effects on students
87
Zeigarnik effect
tendency to return to unfinished activities, striving for closure to obtain a sense of completion
88
separation from the mother is least likely to impact the infant at what age
0-6 months
89
3 different cries that an infant exhibits
hunger, pain, angry
90
Baumgartner six phases for AIDs diagnosis
```
diagnsis
post diagnosis
turning point
immersion
post immersion
turning point
integration
disclosure (occurs throughout the stages)
```
91
soon after birth, infants can express what emotions via facial expressions
distress
interest
disgust
