Unit 2 pharmacology > Lilley ch. 2 > Flashcards

Lilley ch. 2 Flashcards

drugs (81 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

pharmaceutics

A

study of how various dosage forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

study of drug interaction with living tissue; processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

study of what the drug does to the body, mechanism of drugs to living tissues, therapeutic effect, mechanism of action, drug-receptor relationships, enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pharmacotherapies

A

aka therapeutics; focuses on the clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases; defines drug actions-cellular responses that change in response to the presence of drug molecules, drugs are organized into pharmacologic classes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

off-label prescribing

A

when prescribers choose to use non-FDA approved indications (some of them became FDA approved)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Phases of drug activity

A
  1. Pharmaceutical phase- (administration - the disintegration of the dosage form in the body)
  2. pharmakinetics phase- (drug available for absorption, absorption, distribution, metaboliosm, excretion)
  3. pharmacodynamic phase- drug avail for action; drug-receptor interaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

toxicology

A

the study of the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on living systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

toxic effects

A

an extension of the therapeutic actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pharmocognosy

A

the study of natural drug sources, equine- drug from horse, porcine- drug from pig- insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pharmocoeconomics

A

the economic aspects of drug therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dissolution

A

the dissolving of a solid form of a drug and its absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what kind of drug is aerosol?

A

topical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

SR

A

slow release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

SA

A

sustained action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CR

A

controlled release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

XL

A

extended length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

XT

A

extended time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cannot crush drugs that…

A

are extended-release formulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

bioavailability

A

extent of drug absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

first-pass effect

A

must first pass the liver before it reaches the systemic circulation, a large portion can be chemically changed into inactive metabolites in the liver and only small amount of drug will pass into the circulation,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

bioequivalent

A

when bioavailability-extent of drug absorption- and concentration of the active ingredient are the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

3 routes of drug administration

A

enteral (GI tract), parenteral, and topical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

steady state

A

the amount of the drug absorbed is the same amount eliminated, usually after four or five half-lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

onset of action

A

the time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
peak effect
time it takes for drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response
26
duration of action
length of time that the drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response
27
peak level
highest blood level of a drug ... if too high then toxicity occurs
28
trough level
lowest blood level of a drug
29
therapeutic drug monitering
monitering peak and troughs for adequate drug exposure and minimizing drug toxicity
30
first pass routes
(to the liver), oral, hepatic arterial, portal venous-vein that brings blood from many organs to the liver, rectal (leads to both first pass and non first pass)
31
albumin
blood protein (that the drug binds to)
32
"free" drug
drug that's not bound to albumin, too much can cause drug toxicity
33
"bound" drug
pharmacologically inactive drug thats bound to albumin, can't pass the capillary walls
34
biotransformation
metabolism
35
substrates
drug molecules that are metabolic targets of specific enzymes
36
cytochrome P-450 enzymes aka microsomal enzymes
target lipid-soluble drugs (they are lipophilic), help metabolize most medications
37
Why is the P-450 system the most important system?
most important system for drug-drug interaction
38
P-glycoprotein
plasma membrane protein which acts as a drug transport mechanism, transporting drugs out of the cell
39
enzyme inhibitors
drugs that inhibit drug-metabolizing enzymes
40
enzyme inducers
drugs that stimulate drug metabolism
41
what organ is responsible the most for eliminating drugs?
kidney
42
excretion of drugs via intestines is called-
biliary excretion, the drugs are taken up by liver released into bile, then eliminated in the feces
43
enterohepatic recirculation
fat- soluble drugs enter liver, into bile, reabsorbed into the bloodstream, returned to liver, back into bile- persist in body for longer periods
44
half-life
time it takes for half of the drug to be eliminated by the body, ex:100 mg/L of drug is peak level, then in 8 hours it is 50 mg/L, then half-life of drug is 8 hrs
45
synergistic drugs
drugs enhance each other 1+1= more than 2
46
additive effect
drugs given together to add effect so smaller doses of ech drug can be used
47
antagonistic effect
combination of two drugs equals less than the effect of each drug given separately 1+1=less than effect, ex: NARCAN
48
incompatibility
when two parenteral drugs or solutions are mixed together and the result is a chemical deterioration of one or both of the drugs or the formation of a physical precipitate
49
6 rights of drug administration (more like 7)
1. right drug 2. right route 3. right patient 4. right documentation 5. right time 6. right to refuse 7. right dose
50
allergic reaction
immunoglobulins bind to the drug's metabolites to neutralize them. Histamine and cytokines and other inflammatory substances are released in this process
51
idiosyncratic reaction
reaction not from drug or allergy, but unknown; genetically determined, usually from deficiency or excess of drug metabolizing enzymes
52
the study of indiosyncratic traits, which are revealed only through drug administration
pharmacogenomics
53
G6PD deficiency and what are symptoms?
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, deficiency of drug-metabolizing enzyme, these people's red blood cells are subjected to hemolysis by oxidizing drugs, G-6-PD is what most people have, but they don't have enough. manifestations: pallor, jaundice, dark urine, shortness of breath, and tachycardia
54
ADR
adverse drug reaction
55
drug-induced teratogenesis
drugs that cause structural deformities in the fetus
56
when is the fetus more susceptible to teratogenic effects?
third week of development to third month
57
drug absorption fastest to slowest (drug forms)
1. liquids, elixirs, and syrups 2. suspension solutions 3. powders 4. capsules 5. tablets 6. coated tablets 7. enteric-coated tablets
58
drug
any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism
59
pharmacology
the study or science of drugs
60
chemical name generic name trade name
drug's chemical composition and molecular structure nonproprietary name, name given by the United States Adopted Names Council proprietary name, drug has registered trademark; use of the name is restricted by the drug's patent owner (usually the manufacturer)
61
pharmacogenomics
study of the genetic factors on drug response that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes
62
enteral route n ways of administration
drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral or gastric mucosa or the small intestine; 1. oral 2. buccal 3. sublingual 4. rectal (can be topical)
63
parenteral routes
1. intravenous (fastest) 2. intramuscular 3. subcutaneous 4. intradermal 5. intraarterial 6. intrathecal 7. intraarticular
64
topical routes
1 ears 2 eyes 3 skin (including transdermal patches) 4 nose 5 lungs (inhalation) 6 rectum 7 vagina
65
if there are more protein bound drugs then...
there is longer duration of action
66
rapid distribution areas:
heart, liver, kidneys, brain
67
slower distribution areas:
muscle, skin, and fat
68
metabolism
biotransformation, biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite (as in the conversion of an inactive prodrug to its active form) or a less active metabolite
69
lipophilic drugs
fat loving and stay in the system longer- difficult to eliminate and have larger distribution, low blood concentration
70
two types of excretion
renal excretion biliary excretion-bile
71
steady state
amount of drug removed via elimination (renal) is equal to the amount of drug absorbed after each dose once steady state is reached, there are consistent levels of drugs in the body
72
long half-life
takes longer for the drug to reach steady state blood levels
73
maintenance therapy
goal to reduce chance of progression of the disease
74
acute therapy
intensive therapy in acutely ill patients
75
supplemental/ replacement therapy
replacement therapies to sustain the body e.g. potassium replacement
76
palliative therapy
patient comfort
77
supportive therapy
electrolytes or fluids to prevent dehydration
78
prophylactic therapy
goal is prevention of illness
79
empiric theory
drug therapy based on clinical probabilities; use of antibiotics active against the organism most commonly associated with a specific infection before the results of the culture Broad to take care of it fast
80
mutagenic
having the ability to change the organism's genes Mutants like to wear jeans
81
order of first pass effect
gut, liver, veins, heart, lungs, heart, artery (less concentration to more concentration, more time to less time)
Unit 2 pharmacology
flashcards
Decks in class (9)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions