1
Q
What results from a direct force being applied to a body?
A
Linear motion
Linear motion occurs when force is applied directly to the centre of a body’s mass.
2
Q
Name the five key descriptors of linear motion.
A
- Distance
- Displacement
- Speed
- Velocity
- Acceleration/deceleration
These descriptors help build data and create a picture of performance.
3
Q
Define Distance in the context of linear motion.
A
Total length of the path covered from start to finish
Distance is a measure of the entire path taken.
4
Q
Define Displacement in the context of linear motion.
A
The shortest straight-line route from start to finish
Displacement considers only the initial and final positions.
5
Q
What is the definition of Speed?
A
The rate of change in distance
Speed measures how fast an object covers distance.
6
Q
What is the definition of Velocity?
A
The rate of change of displacement
Velocity includes direction, unlike speed.
7
Q
Define Acceleration/deceleration.
A
The rate of change in velocity
This measures how quickly an object’s speed changes.
8
Q
What does a distance/time graph show?
A
The distance a body travels over a period of time
The gradient indicates the speed of the body at a particular instant.
9
Q
What does the gradient of a distance/time graph represent?
A
The speed of a body at a particular instant
Gradient = change in y axis/change in x axis.
10
Q
What is the formula for calculating Speed?
A
Speed = distance/time taken
This formula helps determine how fast an object is moving.
11
Q
What is the formula for calculating Velocity?
A
Velocity = displacement/time taken
Velocity accounts for direction in addition to speed.
12
Q
What is the formula for calculating Acceleration?
A
Acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity)/time taken
This formula calculates how quickly velocity changes.
13
Q
What unit of measurement is used for Distance?
A
Metres (m)
Distance is measured in metres.
14
Q
What unit of measurement is used for Speed and Velocity?
A
Metres per second (m/s)
Both speed and velocity are expressed in this unit.
15
Q
What unit of measurement is used for Acceleration?
A
Metres per second per second (m/s/s)
This unit indicates the change in velocity over time.
16
Q
Define Linear motion.
A
Movement of a body in a straight or curved line where all parts move the same distance in the same direction over the same time
Linear motion can occur in both straight and curved paths.
17
Q
What is a Direct force?
A
A force applied through the centre of mass resulting in linear motion
This type of force directly influences the motion of the body.
18
Q
What is a Distance/time graph?
A
A visual representation of the distance travelled plotted against the time taken
It helps visualize how distance changes over time.
19
Q
What does Constant speed refer to?
A
Movement at a steady rate without acceleration or deceleration
The speed remains unchanged over time.
20
Q
What does Deceleration mean?
A
A decrease in speed or negative acceleration
It indicates that an object is slowing down.
21
Q
What does a speed/time graph show?
A
The speed of a body over a particular time
It is a visual representation of the speed of motion plotted against the time taken.
22
Q
What does the gradient of the curve in a speed/time graph indicate?
A
The acceleration/deceleration of the body at a particular instant
Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity.
23
Q
How is acceleration calculated?
A
(final velocity - initial velocity) / time taken
Acceleration is measured in m/s².
24
Q
What are the three stages of motion represented in speed/time graphs?
A
- Constant speed
- Acceleration
- Deceleration
Each stage is visually represented in the graph.
25
What does a **velocity/time graph** show?
The velocity of a body over a period of time
## Footnote
It is a visual representation of the velocity of motion plotted against the time taken.
26
What does the gradient of the curve in a velocity/time graph indicate?
The acceleration or deceleration of the body at a particular instant
## Footnote
Similar to speed/time graphs, but focuses on velocity.
27
What can a velocity/time graph show regarding **direction**?
Any change in direction the body makes
## Footnote
A negative curve below the horizontal axis represents a change in direction.
28
What is **angular motion**?
Movement of a body or part of a body in a circular path about an axis of rotation
## Footnote
Angular motion results from an eccentric force being applied to a body.
29
Define **eccentric force**.
A force applied outside the centre of mass, resulting in angular motion
## Footnote
Eccentric force is also known as torque.
30
What is **torque**?
A measure of the turning (rotational or eccentric) force applied to a body
## Footnote
Torque is the result of an eccentric force.
31
Name the **three principal axes of rotation**.
* Longitudinal axis
* Transverse axis
* Frontal axis
## Footnote
If an eccentric force is applied to a body, it will rotate around one (or more) of these axes.
32
What is the **longitudinal axis** in relation to the body?
Runs from the top to the bottom of the body
## Footnote
This axis is used in various sports to describe movements such as twists.
33
What is the **transverse axis** in relation to the body?
Runs from side to side of the body
## Footnote
This axis is involved in movements like front somersaults.
34
What is the **frontal axis** in relation to the body?
Runs from the front to the back of the body
## Footnote
This axis is utilized in movements such as cartwheels.
35
Define **moment of inertia (M)**.
The resistance of a body to change its angular motion or rotation
## Footnote
It is calculated based on mass and its distribution from the axis of rotation.
36
What is **angular velocity**?
The rate of change in angular displacement or rate of rotation
## Footnote
Measured in radians per second (rad/s).
37
Define **angular momentum**.
The quantity of angular motion possessed by a body
## Footnote
Calculated as moment of inertia multiplied by angular velocity.
38
What is the formula for calculating **moment of inertia**?
Moment of inertia = sum (mass x distribution of the mass from the axis of rotation)
## Footnote
MI can also be expressed as MI = 2m x r².
39
What unit of measurement is used for **moment of inertia**?
Kilogram metres (kgm²)
## Footnote
This unit reflects the mass distribution in relation to the axis of rotation.
40
What unit of measurement is used for **angular velocity**?
Radians per second (rad/s)
## Footnote
This unit indicates how quickly an object rotates.
41
What unit of measurement is used for **angular momentum**?
Kilogram metres per second (kgm²/s)
## Footnote
This unit represents the quantity of angular motion.
42
What are the two factors affecting the size of the **moment of inertia**?
* Mass
* Distribution of mass from the axis of rotation
## Footnote
These factors determine how resistant a body is to changes in its rotation.
43
True or false: A greater mass results in a **greater moment of inertia**.
TRUE
## Footnote
Higher mass increases resistance to changes in rotation.
44
How does the **distribution of mass** affect moment of inertia?
The further the mass moves from the axis of rotation, the greater the MI
## Footnote
Tucking in mass reduces MI, allowing for quicker rotations.
45
If moment of inertia is high, what is the effect on **angular velocity**?
Angular velocity is low; the rate of spin is slow
## Footnote
High MI means more resistance to rotation.
46
If moment of inertia is low, what is the effect on **angular velocity**?
Angular velocity is high; the rate of spin is fast
## Footnote
Low MI means less resistance to rotation.
47
What is **angular momentum** described as?
A conserved quantity that remains constant unless an external eccentric force or torque is applied
## Footnote
Angular momentum is crucial in understanding motion in biomechanics.
48
The conservation of angular momentum is associated with which law of motion?
Angular analogue of Newton's first law of motion
## Footnote
A rotating body will continue to turn about an axis of rotation with constant angular momentum unless acted upon by an eccentric force or external torque.
49
In the context of ice skating, what happens to **moment of inertia (MI)** and **angular velocity** during a jump?
* At take-off: MI is high, angular velocity is low
* During flight: MI is decreased, angular velocity increases
## Footnote
This manipulation allows the skater to spin quickly and perform multiple rotations.
50
What is the effect of **eccentric force** applied by an ice skater during take-off?
Generates angular momentum
## Footnote
The force applied from the ice to the body initiates the rotation about the longitudinal axis.
51
Fill in the blank: **Angular momentum** remains constant about the __________ axis throughout flight.
longitudinal
## Footnote
This principle is illustrated during complex maneuvers like the triple axel jump.
52
True or false: Angular momentum can be changed once it is generated.
FALSE
## Footnote
Angular momentum is a conserved quantity and remains constant unless acted upon by external forces.
53
What should be considered to maximize performance in terms of angular momentum?
* Axis of rotation
* Phases of motion
## Footnote
These factors influence how performers manipulate MI and angular velocity.
54
What happens to **mass distribution** in preparation for landing?
Mass is distributed away from the longitudinal axis
## Footnote
This adjustment raises moment of inertia (MI) and reduces angular velocity.
55
What does the ice apply to the skater during landing?
An external torque
## Footnote
This torque removes the conserved quantity of angular momentum.
56
At take-off, angular momentum is generated by what type of force?
An eccentric force from the springboard
## Footnote
This force acts on the body to initiate rotation.
57
In the **straight body position**, how is mass distributed?
Mass is distributed away from the transverse axis
## Footnote
This results in high moment of inertia (MI) and low angular velocity.
58
During flight, what body position does a diver take to increase angular velocity?
Tucked body position
## Footnote
This position decreases moment of inertia (MI) and increases angular velocity.
59
What is conserved throughout the movement of a diver?
Angular momentum
## Footnote
This principle applies during all phases of the dive.
60
Fill in the blank: In the flight phase, the gymnast has a tucked position to distribute the mass close to the __________.
transverse axis of rotation
## Footnote
This decreases the moment of inertia and increases the rate of spin.
61
What is **fluid mechanics**?
The study of the forces acting on a body travelling through the air or water
## Footnote
Fluid mechanics examines how fluids behave and interact with solid bodies.
62
Name the **four main factors** that affect air resistance and drag.
* Velocity
* Frontal cross-sectional area
* Streamlining and shape
* Surface characteristics
## Footnote
These factors influence the resistance a body faces when moving through air or water.
63
How does **velocity** affect air resistance?
The greater the velocity, the greater the force of air resistance or drag opposing motion
## Footnote
Track cyclists and freestyle swimmers are significantly affected due to their high velocity.
64
What is the effect of **frontal cross-sectional area** on air resistance?
The greater the frontal cross-sectional area, the greater the air resistance or drag
## Footnote
A low crouched position of a downhill skier reduces air resistance.
65
How does **streamlining and shape** influence air resistance?
The more aerodynamic the shape of a body or equipment, the lower the air resistance or drag
## Footnote
A streamlined body shape out of a tumble turn in swimming reduces drag.
66
What is the relationship between **surface characteristics** and air resistance?
The smoother the surface, the lower the air resistance or drag
## Footnote
Lycra suits worn by swimmers are designed to minimize drag.
67
What are the **factors affecting the horizontal distance** travelled by a projectile?
* Speed of release
* Angle of release
* Height of release
* Aerodynamic factors
## Footnote
These factors determine how far a projectile will travel.
68
What is the optimal **angle of release** to maximize horizontal distance?
45 degrees
## Footnote
This angle is optimal when the release height and landing height are equal.
69
If the **release height** is higher than the landing height, what is the optimal angle of release?
Less than 45 degrees
## Footnote
For example, this applies to a javelin throw.
70
If the **release height** is lower than the landing height, what is the optimal angle of release?
Greater than 45 degrees
## Footnote
An example is a bunker shot in golf.
71
What determines the **flight path** of a projectile?
The relative size of the forces acting on it
## Footnote
Depending on the dominant force, the flight path will be more or less parabolic.
72
What is a **projectile**?
A body that is launched into the air, losing contact with the ground surface
## Footnote
Examples include a discus or a long jumper.
73
Define **parabola**.
A uniform curve symmetrical about its highest point
## Footnote
This shape is often seen in the flight path of projectiles.
74
What is a **parabolic flight path**?
A flight path symmetrical about its highest point caused by the dominant weight force of a projectile
## Footnote
An example is a shot put that travels through the air with minimal air resistance.
75
What is the **dominant force** affecting the flight path of a badminton shuttle?
Air resistance
## Footnote
The flight path is non-parabolic and asymmetrical due to the significant impact of air resistance.
76
In the context of projectile motion, what are the **three phases of motion** within a flight path?
* Start of flight
* Mid-flight
* End of flight
## Footnote
These phases describe the motion of a projectile until it reaches the ground.
77
True or false: The **weight** of a projectile changes over the three phases of its flight.
FALSE
## Footnote
The weight remains constant throughout the flight, while air resistance varies.
78
What happens to the **air resistance** (AR) force as the velocity of the shuttle decreases?
The size of the AR force decreases
## Footnote
As the shuttle slows down, the air resistance becomes smaller than the weight force.
79
Fill in the blank: A **non-parabolic flight path** is caused by the dominant force of _______.
air resistance
## Footnote
This results in an asymmetrical flight path about the highest point.
80
What is the **resulting flight path** of a shot put compared to a badminton shuttle?
* Shot put: Parabolic flight path
* Badminton shuttle: Non-parabolic flight path
## Footnote
The differences are due to the varying effects of air resistance and weight.
81
In a free body diagram of a shuttle at the start of flight, which force is greater?
Air resistance > weight
## Footnote
This occurs as the shuttle leaves the racquet head at high velocity.
82
What does the **free body diagram** represent in projectile motion?
The forces acting on a projectile
## Footnote
It visually illustrates the relationship between weight and air resistance during flight.
83
What is the **parallelogram of forces** used for in biomechanics?
To consider the result of all the forces acting on a projectile in flight
## Footnote
It helps visualize the resultant force and its impact on the projectile's motion.
84
List the **steps** to draw a parallelogram of forces.
* Draw a free body diagram showing weight and air resistance
* Add broken parallel lines to weight and air resistance arrows
* Draw a diagonal line from the origin to the opposite corner labelled 'resultant force'
## Footnote
These steps help in determining the resultant force acting on a projectile.
85
What does the **resultant force** indicate about a projectile?
* Shows the acceleration of a projectile
* Indicates the direction of acceleration
* Affects the flight path
## Footnote
The resultant force is crucial in understanding the motion dynamics of the projectile.
86
If the resultant force is closer to the **weight arrow**, what does this imply?
Weight is dominant, leading to a more parabolic flight path
## Footnote
This indicates that the projectile's motion is significantly influenced by gravitational force.
87
If the resultant force is closer to the **air resistance arrow**, what does this imply?
Air resistance is dominant, leading to a non-parabolic flight path
## Footnote
This suggests that the projectile's motion is heavily affected by drag forces.
88
What does the **Bernoulli principle** explain in relation to flight?
How an additional lift force can be created based on a projectile's shape
## Footnote
It describes the relationship between air velocity and pressure, crucial for understanding lift.
89
An **aerofoil shape** has which characteristics?
* Curved upper surface for higher velocity air flow
* Flat underneath surface for lower velocity air flow
## Footnote
These features are essential for generating lift in various flying objects.
90
According to the Bernoulli principle, as **velocity increases**, what happens to pressure?
Pressure decreases
## Footnote
This principle is fundamental in explaining how lift is generated during flight.
91
What is the **lift force**?
An additional force created by a pressure gradient on opposing surfaces of an aerofoil moving through a fluid
## Footnote
This force is crucial for maintaining flight in projectiles.
92
Define **angle of attack**.
The most favourable angle of release for a projectile to optimise lift force
## Footnote
Adjusting the angle of attack is vital for maximizing the lift generated by the projectile.
93
True or false: The **resultant force** is the sum of all forces acting on a body.
TRUE
## Footnote
Understanding the resultant force is key to analyzing the motion of projectiles.
94
What is the **lift force** in the context of aerodynamics?
The force acting on an object that counteracts its weight
## Footnote
Lift force is crucial for the flight of objects like a discus or an aircraft.
95
In the air flow diagram of a discus in flight, what does the **direction of motion** indicate?
The path along which the discus is traveling
## Footnote
This direction is influenced by various forces acting on the discus.
96
What happens to the **resultant force** when the weight is subtracted from the lift force?
It shows that the discus is decelerating in flight
## Footnote
This indicates a non-parabolic flight path.
97
True or false: **Bernoulli's lift force** only works in the upward direction.
FALSE
## Footnote
Bernoulli's lift force can also work downward if the aerofoil shape is inverted.
98
What is the purpose of the **downward lift force** in sports like Formula 1?
To increase the downward force that holds the car to the track at high speeds
## Footnote
This is crucial for maintaining grip around corners.
99
List the components that contribute to the **downward lift force** in a Formula 1 car design.
* Front wing funnels air down
* Spoiler acts as an inverted aerofoil
* Increased air velocity underneath the car
* Formation of a pressure gradient
## Footnote
These elements work together to enhance grip and friction.
100
Fill in the blank: The **air flow diagram** illustrates the relationship between air velocity and _______ around an aerofoil.
pressure
## Footnote
This relationship is fundamental to understanding lift and drag forces.
101
What is the effect of **high velocity, low pressure air flow** on a Formula 1 car?
It creates additional downward lift force
## Footnote
This enhances the car's stability and performance during high-speed maneuvers.
102
What is the significance of the **pressure gradient** formed underneath a Formula 1 car?
It results in increased grip and friction around corners
## Footnote
This is essential for maintaining control at high speeds.
103
What is the **Bernoulli principle**?
A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and velocity of a fluid.
## Footnote
It is fundamental in understanding how air pressure affects the flight of projectiles.
104
What are the **four types of spin** outlined in the text?
* Topspin
* Backspin
* Sidespin hook
* Sidespin slice
## Footnote
Each type of spin is determined by where the eccentric force is applied relative to the center of mass.
105
Where is the eccentric force applied for **topspin**?
Above the centre of mass
## Footnote
This type of spin affects the projectile's flight path by creating a downward Magnus force.
106
Where is the eccentric force applied for **backspin**?
Below the centre of mass
## Footnote
This type of spin creates an upwards Magnus force, lengthening the flight path.
107
Where is the eccentric force applied for **sidespin hook**?
Right of the centre of mass
## Footnote
This type of spin causes the projectile to swerve to the left.
108
Where is the eccentric force applied for **sidespin slice**?
Left of the centre of mass
## Footnote
This type of spin causes the projectile to swerve to the right.
109
What does the **Magnus force** refer to?
A force created from a pressure gradient on opposing surfaces of a spinning body moving through the air.
## Footnote
It significantly influences the flight path of projectiles.
110
What is the **Magnus effect**?
Creation of an additional Magnus force on a spinning projectile which deviates the flight path.
## Footnote
This effect is crucial for understanding how spin affects projectile motion.
111
How does **topspin** affect the flight path of a projectile?
Creates a downward Magnus force, shortening the flight path.
## Footnote
This effect increases the impact of gravity on the projectile.
112
How does **backspin** affect the flight path of a projectile?
Creates an upwards Magnus force, lengthening the flight path.
## Footnote
This effect counteracts the force of gravity.
113
What is the effect of a **sidespin hook** on a projectile's flight path?
Swerves the projectile to the left.
## Footnote
This is due to the Magnus force acting to the left.
114
What is the effect of a **sidespin slice** on a projectile's flight path?
Swerves the projectile to the right.
## Footnote
This is due to the Magnus force acting to the right.
115
What are the **benefits of spin** in tennis and table tennis?
* Stability in flight
* Shortens flight path for harder hits
* Confuses the opposition
## Footnote
Spin enhances control and unpredictability in ball movement.
116
In golf and football, what does **sidespin** allow the ball to do?
Swerve in flight, moving around obstacles
## Footnote
This is useful for navigating around trees or defensive walls in a free kick.
117
Describe the **air flow** when a ball is struck with a **hook**.
* Air flow opposes motion
* Ball rotates to the left
* High velocity/low pressure on the left
* Low velocity/high pressure on the right
## Footnote
The Magnus force acts to deviate the flight path to the left.
118
Describe the **air flow** when a ball is struck with a **slice**.
* Air flow opposes motion
* Ball rotates to the right
* High velocity/low pressure on the right
* Low velocity/high pressure on the left
## Footnote
The Magnus force acts to deviate the flight path to the right.
119
True or false: Always include the **direction of travel** in an air flow or flight path diagram.
TRUE
## Footnote
This is crucial for accurately depicting the effects of spin on ball movement.
120
What are the types of **sidespin** mentioned?
* Hook
* Slice
## Footnote
Each type of sidespin affects the ball's trajectory differently.
PE- charlotte
flashcards
Decks in class (14)
# Cards
-
Muscular and skeletal system118
-
Cardiovascular system79
-
Respiratory System59
-
Energy for Exercise64
-
Environmental effects on body systems34
-
Diet and Nutrition97
-
Preperation and Training methods176
-
Injury prevention and Rehabilitation92
-
Biomechanical principles, levers and technology83
-
Linear, Angular motion, fluid mechanics and projectiles120
-
Skill Acquisition153
-
Sports psychology172
-
Sport and Society105
-
Contemporary issues in Physical activity and Sport61
