Untitled Class > Ling201 midterm > Flashcards

Ling201 midterm Flashcards

(93 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Place of articulation

A

where in the vocal tract the air flow obstruction occurs, horizontal on the chart - bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, post-alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Manner of articulation

A

how the airflow is obstructed, vertically on the chart-plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, approximants, laterals, trills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bilabial

A

first place of articulation- both lips touch, [p] [b] [m]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

labiodental

A

second place of articulation- bottom lip touches top teeth [f] [v]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

dental

A

first out of three middle in the place of articulation (third in the chart) tongue tip hugs the teeth like the “th” sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

alveolar

A

second out of three- fourth in place of articulaiton- tongue tip taps the bumpy ridge behind your top teeth like [t] in tap [d] [n] [s]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

post- alveolar

A

last of three and 5th in place of articulaiton - tongue tip slides behind the ridged part- “sh” “ch” [s in measure]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

palatal

A

third to last place of articulation- whole tongue waves hi to the hard food - [y] in yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

velar

A

second to last place of articulation- back of tongue tickles the soft back roof= “k” in kite “g” in “go” or ng

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

glottal

A

last row in place of articulation- air squeezes at your voice box dep down like catch in “uh-oh”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

plosive

A

first in manner of articulaiton- build a big dam, hold, then burt, its a stop, [p,b,t,d,k,g]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fricatives

A

Second in manner of articulation- squeeze air super tight so it whistles and rubs like sandpaper- [f,v,s,z,sh,h]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

affricates

A

third in manner of articulation- pop like plosive, then rub like fricates like ch or j in judge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

nasal

A

fourth in manner of articulation- let air sneak out of your nose like m,n, and ng

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

approximants

A

5th in manner of articulaiton- get close but no block or rub, air glides easy like w,y, and r in red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

laterals

A

second to last- tongue blocks middle but air sneaks side like l in lioin,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

trills

A

tongue wiggles like the roll r

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

voiced

A

vibration in the throat- b,d, v, m,w,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

voiceless

A

no vocal cord, all mouth- p,k, f,s,ch,sh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

tap/flap

A

consonant written ad tt,dd,t in butter, ladder, writer, are pronounced as ɾ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

whats teh order of describing consonant?

A

voiced/voiceless, manner, place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe vowel

A

height, advancement, rounding, and tense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

whats the vowel in- feet, me

A

i

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what the vowel- sit and ilyad

A

ɪ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
whats the vowel- late break
e
26
whats the vowel - let, best
ɛ
27
whats the vowel- cat mad
æ
28
whats the vowel- bus
ʌ
29
whats the vowel- commA, the
ə (the shwa)
30
whats the vowel- goose, cruel rude
u
31
whats the vowel- pool
ʊ
32
whats the vowel- boat
oʊ
33
whats the vowel- frog bought
ɔ
34
whats the vowel, father, ball
a
35
whats the vowel- cow, mouth
aʊ
36
whats the vowel- soil, boy
ɔɪ
37
whats the vowel- face
eɪ
38
whats teh vowel- near
ɪə
39
what are dipthongs
two sounds gliding like one
40
whats the vowel- cue
ju
41
what is this symbol in a word mean [ˈ]
stressed
42
what is this symbol in a word mean [ˌ]
A consonant that is the nucleus instead of a vowel
43
tense vs lax?
tense vowels are longer than lax vowels
44
what is this symbol /ː/
the longation of a sound ex: italins say "paːstːa" with an elongated a and t or fuːd in the word food
45
when do you use [] vs //
phonetic uses brackets because its more detail-oriented with aspiration vs phonemic uses slashes as a broad translation
46
what is this symbol [ʔ]
its a voiceless glottal/stop plosive ex: English: "uh-oh" [ʌʔoʊ]
47
what is this symbol [̚] - ̚
no audible release, e: "stop" in casual speech: [st̚ɔp]
48
what is this consonant [ɫ]
dark L [l] and [ɫ] are allophones of the phoneme /l/- ex: apple
49
what is an allophone
an allophone is a variant pronunciation of a phoneme- this is what would be more specific aka phonetic
50
whats minimal pair?
when two words are spelled almost the same, only one letter is different and the word changes meaning consonant ex: van vs fan vowel ex: ship vs sheep
51
what is a complementary distribution?
when two sounds can never occur at the same time, ex: you can never use the three different variants of L in the same envoirmetn
52
what is [l̥]
voiceless alveolar lateral approximant, a variant of the "l" sound produced without vocal cord vibration- ex:play" [pʰl̥eɪ] (voiceless [l̥] influenced by prior aspiration
53
what does this symbol do to a consonant [̥]
voicelessness, placed under a sound to indicate it lacks vocal cord vibration ex: [l̥]: Voiceless "l" approximant, as in English "play" [pʰl̥eɪ]
54
what are the features for: CONTRASTIVE distribution, they are distinct phonemes
minimal pairs unpredictable
55
what are teh features for: COMPLEMENTARY distribution, they are allophones of the same phoneme
no minimal pairs predictable, systematic
56
what is free variation
when two or more sounds can be used interchangaeably in a word and still mean the same thing ex: either - /ˈaɪðər/ vs. /ˈiːðər/
57
what is phonotactic constraints
rules in a language that restrict which sound sequences, "rules" a language uses to decide which sound combos are okay and which aren't ex: in english allowed: "blue" banned "/tl/ word start" No voiceless stop + lateral onset
58
what is underlying representation vs surface represntation
underlying = // surface= []
59
how to turn a writen rule into rule notation?
“x becomes y between A and B” x → y/A B OR “[l] becomes [l˚] after a voiceless plosive” [l] → [l˚] / [voiceless plosive__
60
what is phonotactic constraint
language-specific rules that limit which sound combinations ex: /ŋ/ initial in english because Velar nasals can't start syllables
61
what is assimilation
phonological process where one sound changes to become more like a neighboring sound (before or after it) to make speech easier and faster english ex: information" (underlying)/ɪnfoʳmeɪʃn/ (surrface) [ɪmfoʳmeɪʃn] /n/ → /m/ before /f/
62
what are the basic steps in doing phonology problems are
1 Look for minimal pairs (phonemes). 2 List the environments for the different pronunciations. 3 State the environment where each allophone occurs. 4 Determine the underlying representation. 5 Write the rule that derives the surface forms
63
what are derivation
the step-by-step process of applying phonological rules to transform an underlying (phonemic) representation into the surface (phonetic) form you actually say
64
what are the major class features
[±consonantal] Am I a consonant? True for all sounds except glides and vowels [±syllabic] Can I act as a syllabic nucleus? True for vowels, syllabic liquids, and syllabic nasals [±sonorant] Can I be hummed or sung? True for vowels, glides, liquids, and nasals
65
what are the manner features
[±nasal] Am I produced with a lowered velum? True for nasal stops and all nasalized sounds [±lateral] Am I an [l]? True for all varieties of [l] [±continuant] Is the oral airflow unobstructed? True for vowels, glides, liquids, and fricative
66
what are/is the Laryngeal features
[±voice] Are the vocal folds vibrating? True for all ...voiced sounds
67
what are the place features?
[LABIAL]: sounds involving the lips p, b, m, f, v, w [CORONAL]: sounds involving the tongue tip/blade t,d,n,θ,ð,s,z,ʃ,ʒ,tʃ, dʒ, l,r,j
68
what are the vowel features?
high, back, low, round, tense
69
what is the syllabic structure?
onset, then rhyme whihc is formed by the nucleus and coda
70
what is the onset rule?
add as many consonent to the onset as you can that still make sense
71
whats the nucleus
the loudest part of the syllable which is normally the vowel but not necessarily, it's the sonority that matters
72
what is the sonority contour principle
the nucleus is peak, there has to have a rise to it and then a fall after
73
whats the sonority level
vowel, glides, liquids, nasal, obstruents
74
lexicon
mental "dictionary" in your brain that stores a language's words, including their phonemic (underlying) forms, meanings, syntactic categories, and morphological info
75
morpheme
the smallest unit or functional unit in language
76
free morpheme
smallest meaningful unit that can stand alone in a word
77
bound morpheme
smallest meaninful unit that cannot stand alone in a word
78
roots
basic meaning of the large word
79
affixes
bound morphemes added to roots to modify the meaning
80
what are the affixes
prefix- precede the root suffix- following the root infixes- affix within another morpheme ex: fan-freakin’-tastic circumflixes- both end of the root
81
allomorphs
different phonetic or spelling variants of the same morpheme that don't change its core meaning but appear in specific phonological or grammatical contexts ex: english plural /s/, /z/, /ɪz/
82
noun-noun compound
two nouns in compound to make a new word ex: ice cream
83
Right Hand Head Rule
the right word of noun-noun compound is the head ex: fire truck is a type of truck and not fire
84
what is compound ambiguous
occurs when a compound word or phrase can be parsed in multiple ways, leading to different meanings due to unclear morpheme boundaries or grouping ex: lesbian vampire killer
85
derivational affixation
alter the meaning and/or grammatical category of whatever they combine with ex: "un" to happiness makes happiness negative
86
inflectional affirxation
don’t change the basic category or meaning of the element they combine with ex: adding s to cat to make it plural
87
what are the inflectional contrast?
ablaut: (quasi-predictable vowel change) - sing/sang/sung suppletion: substituting one form for another: go/went (present/past
88
what is Synchronic and Dianchronic
single “slice” in time and comparing multiple slices across time
89
what is the great vowel shift
from 1400-1800, shift from long vowels to short vowel
90
Northern Cities Vowel Shift
rotation of the vowel chart- cities near the Great Lakes
91
what are the langauges that formed modern english
Indo-European Proto-Germanic Old English Modern English
92
daughter languages
Multiple daughter languages from the same proto-language (ancestor) are "sister languages." The parent doesn't fully die but transforms via sound shifts, vocabulary changes, and divergence ex: latin forming the daughter languages french, spanish, Italian, and portugese
93
wha is the IE family
English, French, Greek, Armenian, Urdu, Polish, . . . all descended from a single language. They are daughter languages of a single proto-language.
Untitled Class
flashcards
Decks in class (2)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions