Linguistic differences

Question 1

who is impacted by linguistic differences

Answer 1

• differences between social classes
• Minority ethnic groups

Question 2

Who came up with the language codes

Answer 2

Bernstein

Question 3

Elaborated Code

Answer 3

• universal meanings
• Grammatically complex, broad vocabulary
• Formal context
• Abstract
• middle class

Question 4

Restricted code

Answer 4

• Particularistic meanings
• grammatically simple, narrow selection of words
• simple, informal language
• context bound
• working class

Question 5

How does it impact education

Answer 5

• teachers speak in elaborated code
• text books and resources written in elaborated code
• external examinations are written in elaborated code

Question 6

Evaluations of Bernstein

Answer 6

• class is more complex than middle and working class
• students learn the elaborated code throughout their schooling
• restricted code and elaborated code can be interchangeable in social situations

Question 7

Ethnicity and linguistic differences

Answer 7

• intersection of class and ethnicity
• Bereiter and Engelmann some minority ethnic groups lack skills in English as not practiced at home
• Colloquial language of some ethnic minority subcultural groups sets them out as different to other students

Question 8

Evaluations

Answer 8

• Swann Report non native speakers acquire skills of second language by time they leave school
• language is an attribute of habitus - if this clashes with habitus of school could lead to negative perceptions by teachers
• educational performance of Chinese and Indian students
• multi lingual students performed better in standardised tests