The ________________ is a piece of code that runs to guide the booting process to start the operating system.
Bootloader
Five Core Principles of Linux:
- Everything is a file
- Small, single-purpose programs
- Ability to chain programs together to complete complex tasks
- Avoid captive user interfaces
- Configuration data stored in a text file
The ________________ is the main component of an operating system. It manages the resources for system’s I/O devices at the hardware level.
OS Kernel
Background services are called ____________ in Linux. Their purpose is to ensure that key functions such as scheduling, printing, and multimedia are working correctly. These small programs load after we booted or log into the computer.
Daemons
The ________________ or the command language interpreter (also known as the command line) is the interface between the OS and the user. This interface allows the user to tell the OS what to do. The most commonly used shells are Bash, Tcsh/Csh, Ksh, Zsh, and Fish.
operating system shell
The ___________________ provides a graphical sub-system (server) called “X” or “X-server” that allows graphical programs to run locally or remotely on the X-windowing system.
Graphics Server
The ___________________ is also known as a graphical user interface (GUI). There are many options, including GNOME, KDE, MATE, Unity, and Cinnamon. A desktop environment usually has several applications, including file and web browsers. These allow the user to access and manage the essential and frequently accessed features and services of an operating system.
Window Manager
_______________ or ________________ are programs that perform particular functions for the user or another program.
Applications or utilities
The Hardware Layer of the Linux OS is made up of:
Peripheral devices such as the system’s RAM, hard drive, CPU, and others.
The Kernal Layer of the Linux OS is:
The core of the Linux operating system whose function is to virtualize and control common computer hardware resources like CPU, allocated memory, accessed data, and others. The kernel gives each process its own virtual resources and prevents/mitigates conflicts between different processes.
The Shell Layer of the Linux OS is:
A command-line interface (CLI), also known as a shell that a user can enter commands into to execute the kernel’s functions.
The System Utility Layer of the Linux OS:
Makes available to the user all of the operating system’s functionality.
/
The top-level directory is the root filesystem and contains all of the files required to boot the operating system before other filesystems are mounted, as well as the files required to boot the other filesystems. After boot, all of the other filesystems are mounted at standard mount points as subdirectories of the root.
/bin
Contains essential command binaries.
/boot
Consists of the static bootloader, kernel executable, and files required to boot the Linux OS.
/dev
Contains device files to facilitate access to every hardware device attached to the system.
/etc
Local system configuration files. Configuration files for installed applications may be saved here as well.
/home
Each user on the system has a subdirectory here for storage.
/lib
Shared library files that are required for system boot.
/media
External removable media devices such as USB drives are mounted here.
/mnt
Temporary mount point for regular filesystems.
/opt
Optional files such as third-party tools can be saved here.
/root
The home directory for the root user.
/sbin
This directory contains executables used for system administration (binary system files).
