OPT 116 > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Water-Soluble
Riboflavin.
Function: Corneal-cross linking

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2
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Water-Soluble
Thiamine

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3
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Water-Soluble
Niacin

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4
Q

Vitamin B5

A

Water-Soluble
Pantothenic acid

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5
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Water-Soluble
Pyridoxine

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6
Q

Vitamin B7

A

Water-Soluble
Biotin

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7
Q

Vitamin B9

A

Water-Soluble
Folate, folic acid

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8
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Water-Soluble
Cobalamin.
Function: myelin synthesis, RBC formation.
Deficiency effects: anemia, irreversible nerve damage

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9
Q

Vitamin C

A

Water-Soluble
Ascorbic acid.
Function: antioxidant

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10
Q

Vitamin A

A

Fat-Soluble
Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid
Function: Vision
Deficiency effects: night blindness, dry eye

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11
Q

Vitamin D

A

Fat-soluble
Cholecalciferol

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12
Q

Vitamin E

A

Fat-soluble
Tocopherol
Function: antioxidant

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13
Q

Vitamin K

A

Fat-soluble
Function: blood clotting
Deficiency effects: hemorrhage

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14
Q

Calcium (Ca2+)

A

Macromineral
Function: bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, nervous system function, hormone secretion

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15
Q

Chloride (Cl-)

A

Macromineral
Function: fluid balance, nervous system function

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16
Q

Magnesium (Mg2+)

A

Macromineral

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17
Q

Phorphorus

A

Macromineral
Function: bone formation, formation of ATP, hormone activation

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18
Q

Potassium (K+)

A

Macromineral
Function: fluid balance, blood pressure regulation, nervous system function

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19
Q

Sodium (Na+)

A

Macromineral
Function: fluid balance, blood pressure regulation, muscle contraction, nervous system function

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20
Q

Chromium

A

Micromineral

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21
Q

Copper

A

Micromineral
Function: antioxidant

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22
Q

Iodine

A

Micromineral
Function: thyroid hormone production

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23
Q

Iron

A

Micromineral
Function: hemoglobin formation

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24
Q

Selenium

A

Micromineral
Function: antioxidant

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25
Zinc
Micromineral Function: antioxidant
26
What is the main purpose of lipids?
reserve supply of energy
27
When is TAG broken down?
during periods of low food consumption
28
What are lipids and what do they consist of?
Organic compounds. hydrophobic. consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen and some oxygen
29
Fatty acids
precursor to triglycerides. source of energy
30
Triglycerides
Energy storage. Thermal insulation. Binding organs together. Cushioning organs.
31
Phospholipids
Structural component. Help fat digestion.
32
Sphingolipids
Structural component of nerve cells. chemical messengers
33
Cholesterol
Component of cell membranes. precursor of other steroids
34
Steroid hormones
chemical messengers
35
Bile salts
help in digestion and nutrient absorption
36
Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K. Vision. Ca2+ absorption
37
Eicosanoids
Chemical messengers
38
what are simple lipids
esters of fatty acids. triglycerides - triacylglycerol, TAG
39
what are complex lipids
esters of fatty acids + additional groups. phospholipids. sphingolipids.
40
what are derived lipids
derived from hydrolysis of simple/complex lipids. steroids - bile salts, steroid hormones, sterols isoprenoids - vitamins A, E, K eicosanoids - prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes
41
what is the structure of a fatty acid
hydrocarbon chain w/ carboxyl group at one end. even # of carbons (10 - 30).
42
what does omega number refer to
position of 1st double bond relative to methyl end (omega end)
43
what is palmitic acid
hexadecanoic acid. most common saturated fat in plants and animals
44
examples of simple lipids
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) - fatty fish. docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) - fatty fish. alpha linolenic acid (ALA) - flaxseed, walnuts. arachidonic acid - meat and egg yolk. linoleic acid - plant oils, nuts.
45
characteristics of simple lipids w/ single bonds
saturated with hydrogen. linear. solid at room temp.
46
characteristics of simple lipids w/ double bonds
unsaturated w/ cis or trans formation. bent. liquid at room temp.
47
structure of cis unsaturated fatty acids
2 hydrogens attached to carbon double bond on same side. most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acid.
48
structure of trans unsaturated fatty acids
2 hydrogens attached to carbon double bond on opposite side. most are created in industrial process. hydrocarbon chain is straight.
49
what is an ester of a fatty acid
alcohol + fatty acid. alcohol = compound that contains hydroxyl groups attached to carbon
50
examples of alcohols
glycerol and sphingosine
51
structure of triglycerides
3 fatty acids + glycerol. hydrocarbon chain length varies. degree of unsaturation varies.
52
structure of phospholipids
2 fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate + 1 polar group
53
possible polar groups for phospholipids
ethanolamine: cell membranes. choline: maintenance of cell membrane. serine: metabolism and immune system. inositol: signal transduction.
54
structure of sphingolipids
fatty acid + sphingosine + 1 head group
55
possible head groups for sphingolipids
hydrogen (ceramide). phosphocholine (sphingomyelin). sugar (glycolipid; 1 sugar = cerebroside, >1 sugar = ganglioside)
56
structure of steroids
steroid core + side chain. steroid core is 4 fused rings. side chains make each steroid unique
57
examples of steroids
sterols: - side chain: hydroxyl group. - most common: cholesterol
58
bile acids to bile salts
acid conjugated w/ glycine or taurine: reaction produces water and chemical salts - stored in gallbladder - digestion of dietary lipids - absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K
59
what are the steroid hormones, what do they do, and what is an exmaple
Mineralocorticoids: regulate salt and water balance; ex. corticosterone and aldosterone. Glucocorticoids: regulate stress management and decrease inflammation; ex. cortisol. Sex steroids: sex development; ex. progesterone, testosterone, estrogen. Vitamin D: Ca 2+ metabolism; some true steroid characteristics; cholesterol is precursor
60
isoprene subunits that make up isoprenoids
Unsaturated, pentahydrocarbon
61
examples of isoprenoids
fat-soluble vitamines A, E, K
62
what are eicosanoids derived from
arachidonic acid
63
examples of eicosanoids
prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes
64
what are minerals
inorganic substances required by the body to sustain life. not made by living things - found naturally in soil and water; absorbed by plants then eaten by people and animals. obtained through your diet
65
what are vitamins
organic substances required by the body to sustain life - made by plants and animals, then eaten by humans. obtained through your diet - from both plant and animal products; the body cannot synthesize vitamins D and K in adequate amounts.
66
what are coenzymes
organic molecules required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis
67
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