lipids

Question 1

palmitic acid;

Answer 1

Question 2

stearic acid;

Answer 2

Question 3

palmitoleic acid;

Answer 3

Question 4

oleic acid;

Answer 4

Question 5

linoleic acid;

Answer 5

Question 6

linolenic acid;

Answer 6

Question 7

arachidonic acid;

Answer 7

Question 8

any diacyl- and triacylglycerol (e.g. 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol);

Answer 8

Question 9

Phosphatidic Acid

Answer 9

z group is just H

Question 10

phosphatidyl ethanolamine

found where?

also called?

Answer 10

• z group is ethanol with amine grp
• specifically found on the inner layer of the lipid bilayer
• abundant in brain/nerves
• AKA Cephalin

Question 11

phosphatidylcholine

found where?

also called?

Answer 11

• choline is the z group
• found in outer layer of lipid bilayer + in pulmonary surfactant, abundunant in brain + nerves
• AKA lecithin

Question 12

phosphatidylserine

where is it found?

what does it do?

Answer 12

• serine is Z group
• held on inner layer of cell membrane by flippase
• during apoptosis, flippase stops holding it and its flip to the outer layer to signal macrophages

Question 13

phosphatidyl-inositol

where is it?

Answer 13

• inner cell membrane

Question 14

phosphatidylglycerol

where is it found?

Answer 14

• found in pulmonary surfactant

Question 15

What are ether lipids?

examples?

Answer 15

• lipids in which at least one C of glycerol is bonded to an alkyl chain via an ether (-O-) bond
• similar to triglycerides/glycerophospholipids but long chain alcohols replaces the FAs
• plasmalogen (anti-ox, signaling, membrane dynamics

- platelet activating factor (platelet agg., inflammation, etc… shown below)

Question 16

Sphingosine

where is it found?

Answer 16

• found in various sphingolipids in cell membranes
• important in signaling as well

(looks like a glycerol with middle OH subbed by amino and 3rd H subbed by 15-C w/ double bond on first C)

Question 17

Ceramide

where is it found?

Answer 17

• found in cell membranes, contribute to sphingomyelin, etc.
• involved in signaling

(sphingosine with an acyl on the amine)

Question 18

Sphingomyelin

• where are they found?

Answer 18

• found in myelin sheath and other cell membranes
• can also have phosphoethanolamine

(ceramide with a phosphocholine group on the bare OH)

Question 19

Cholesterol

Answer 19

Question 20

Cortisol

Answer 20

Question 21

aldosterone

Answer 21

Question 22

Estradiol

Answer 22

Question 23

Testosterone

Answer 23

Question 24

Progesterone

Answer 24

Question 25

Cholic Acid

Answer 25

Question 26

Prostaglandin E2 another name function?

Answer 26

**dinoprostone** - signals labour, induces fever, stimulates bone resorption

Question 27

What are the molecules with carbs attached to C1 of a sphingolipid? 3 main categories and their respective carbs. - what is one of their major functions?

Answer 27

**Glycosphingolipids** * **Cerebrosides** - glucose, galactose... muscle/nerve cells * **Globosides** - neutral oligosacchs... * **Gangliosides** - anionic oligosacchs... cell surface - **specify cell identity** - responsible for blood grouping

Question 28

Describe what can be assumed about a lipid structure from its name using **eicosapentaenoic acid** as an example.

Answer 28

**eicosa** - denotes 20 carbons total **penta-enoic** - denotes 5 "-enes" or double bonds - no information about the location of the double bonds is given here, but would be indicated with numbers preceding the name

Question 29

What are glycerophospholipids? Why is the phosphate specifically located on a certain carbon of the backbone?

Answer 29

- main compononents of biological membranes - glycerol with 2 FAs and phosphate on C3 - glycerol-**3**-phosphate not 1, because glycerol is prochiral

Question 30

What are the common FAs for glycerophospholipids?

Answer 30

– 16:0 or 18:0 at C1 – 18:1 Δ(2) or 20:1 Δ(2) at C2