Lipids Flashcards

Question

What is the effect of degree of unsaturation on melting point in unsaturated fatty acids? (17)

Answer 1

- the larger the degree of unsaturation (more double bonds) the lower the melting point - monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids contribute to membrane fluidity - most membranes (except brain) adapt to diet induced changes

Answer 2

1. reduce total cholesterol and LDL levels - LDL is bad cholesterol, HDL is good 2. cardioprotective effects 3. blood pressure lowering effects 4. improve insulin sensitivity 5. provide anti thrombotic effects

Answer 3

- plant oils (canola oil, flaxseed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, pesto sauce, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, walnut oil) - meat fat (pork, beef) - nuts and seeds (almonds, brazil nuts, natural peanut butter, dry roasted cashews, dry roasted peanuts, dry roasted sunflower seeds, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios, roasted pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, walnuts) - avocado - olives - dark chocolate

Answer 4

- DHA (docosahexanoic acid synthesized in liver and brain) and Arachidonic Acid - both are crucial to optimal development of brain and eyes - important in infant nutrition, routinely added to infant formula - AA is a major constituent of membrane phospholipids and an important precursor to biological compounds that regulate

Answer 5

- they are polyunsaturated that are essential to humans because the body cannot introduce double bonds past carbon 9 (counting from carboxyl end) - mammals do not have enzymes (desaturases) that introduce double bonds at C12 and C15, but plants synthesize them both from oleic acid - Linoleic acid (LA) - alpha Linolenic acid (ALA)

Answer 6

- essential fatty acid - omega 6, 18:2 (9, 12) - safflower, soybean, corn, peanut, sunflower oils - found in egg, meats, grains, nuts, most plant seeds, and some plant oils - can be desaturated and elongated to arachidonic acid - LA -\> AA, GLA

Answer 7

- essential fatty acid - omega 3, 18:3 (9, 12, 15) - fish, walnuts, pine nuts, flaxseed, wheat germ, green leafy veggies, soy and canola oil - found in some plant oils (soybean, linseed, flax)

Answer 8

- EPA, 20:5 (5, 8, 11, 14, 17) - DHA, 22:6 (4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19) - they are metabolic derivatives of ALA and necessary for synthesis of a number of regulatory compounds in body - may reduce risk of heart attack - fish oils contain EPA and DHA - ALA -\> EPA, DHA

Answer 9

- combine with cholesterol - form eicosanoids and steroid hormones

Answer 10

- may be converted into certain polyunsaturated acids: - gamma linolenic acid (GLA) - eicosatrienoic acid - eicosatetraenoic acid (AA) - these compounds affect key cell and physiological processes in the body ranging from cell signaling to inflammation

Answer 11

- essential in growth and development throughout human life cycle - should be included in diet - inhibit tissue eicosanoid biosynthesis and reduce inflammation

Answer 12

-major constituent of membrane phospholipids and an essential precursor to a number of biological compounds known as eicosanoids that regulate body function, such as immunity, blood clotting, blood pressure

Answer 13

- derived from 20 carbon AA - modifications of AA from prostaglandins, the inflammatory hormones that aspirin interferes with - leukotrienes are produced in the body from AA by the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase

Answer 14

- hemorrhagic and scaly dermatitis - skin dryness and atrophy - weakness - impaired vision - tingling sensations - mood swings - edema - high blood pressure - high triglycerides - hemorrhagic folliculitis - hemotologic disturbances (sticky platelets) - immune and mental deficiencies - impaired growth

Answer 15

- modern ratio is 15:1 - excessive omega 6 has been linked with pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune disease - a 2:1 ratio has been associated with reduced mortality from cardiovascular disease, suppressed inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, decreased risk of breast cancer

Answer 16

- trans are produced when naturally occurring cis are altered chemically by partial hydrogenation - after this process, cis is changed to trans - cis has 2 carbons on the same side of the double bond - trans has 2 carbons on opposite sides of double bond - so the trans resembles the linear packing of saturated fatty acids

Answer 17

- warmth because lipid molecules have more kinetic energy - more unsaturated fatty acids which prevent lipids from packing close together

Answer 18

- nerve transmission relies on ion pumping - when membranes are not fluid, this interferes with ion channels (transmembrane proteins) and prevents passage of ions - this is how local anesthetics such as lidocaine work

Answer 19

- the steroid ring helps to stiffen the membrane, making it less fluid and preventing other lipids from packing tight - trans fatty acids that are incorporated into the cell membranes create denser membranes that alter the normal functions of the cell

Answer 20

- we need a minimum amount in order to provide adequate levels of essential fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins - during rest and prolonged exercise, fat is our primary source of stored energy for maintaining cell function

Answer 21

- consuming saturated and trans fat, they are deposited in cell membranes and replace cis unsaturated fatty acids - this makes membrane less fluid - reducing these fats has a cholesterol lowering effect and a decreased risk for cardiovascular disease and obesity

Answer 22

- in the form of triglycerides (triacylglycerols, TG) - the rest consist of cholesterol, cholesterol esters, free fatty acids, phospholipids

Answer 23

-TG is the major form of fat stored in adipose cells -they are highly concentrated metabolic energy storage (main constituents of vegetable oils and animal fats) because they are anhydrous and exclude water

Answer 24

- TG consists of 3 Carbon glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids - glycerol is an alcohol composed of 3 carbon atoms - each other 3 fatty acids within each TG can be different sizes and can be either saturated or unsaturated

Answer 25

- each fatty acid in TG can be different sizes and can be either saturated or unsaturated - saturated fatty acids have a straight configuration and usually pack into a solid crystal at ambient temps - highly ordered packing of fatty acid chains is disrupted by the presence of cis double bonds - TG with only saturated fatty acids stack well together to make solid fat at room temp - TG with monounsaturated fatty acids sandwiched between 2 saturated fatty acids don't stack well because of the bend, these stay liquid at room temp

Answer 26

-vegetable oil can be partially hydrogenated to more trans fat, doesnt make it any healthier than saturated fats

Answer 27

- increased LDL, decreased HDL which promotes cardiovascular disease and cancer growth - trans fats also raise levels of trigclyeride in blood - promotes insulin resistance, linked to diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease - animal fats and tropical oils high in myristic acid (C14:0) and low in linoleic acid increase cholesterol levels

Answer 28

-play a significant role in reducing blood cholesterol levels when consumed regularly in diet

Answer 29

- formation of membranes - membranes contain amphipathic with a hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic end

Answer 30

1. Neutral uncharge lipids (non polar) 2. Amphipathic lipids (polar)

Answer 31

- Triacylglycerol (TG) - cholesterol esters (CE)

Answer 32

- phospholipids (PL) - cholesterol (C) - monoacylglycerols (MG) - diacylglycerols (DG) - sphingolipids - glycolipids

Answer 33

- further classified based on chemical backbone - TG and glycerophospholipids (phospholipids) have a backbone of 3 carbon glycerol - Glcyosphingolipids (glycolipid) and sphingophospholipids (phospholipids) have a backbone of sphingosine

Answer 34

- glycerolipids have glycerol backbone - sphingolipids have a sphingosine backbone (18C alcohol)

Answer 35

- Monoacylglycerol (MG- monoglyceride) - amphipathic (one polar charged end, one uncharged non polar end) - polar - membrane lipid - only one OH group is esterified to a fatty acid - the other two OH groups are free, giving the structure some polarity

Answer 36

- phospholipids - amphipathic (polar and non polar ends) - important part of membrane lipid bilayer of cell - assist in transporting fat in bloodstream

Answer 37

- consist of a glycerol backbone and 2 fatty acids with a phosphate and head group (alcohol: ethanol amine, choline, serine, inositol) - phosphate group is soluble in water (hydrophilic) giving it its amphipathic property

Answer 38

- common phospholipid - also called glycerol phospholipid or phosphoacylglycerol - lecithin (means egg yolk in Greek) is full of vitamin B and an example of phosphatidylcholine - surfactant

Answer 39

- acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a disease related to maturity of the fetal lung and accounts for 15-20% neonatal mortality in western countries - proteins, phospholipids and phosphatidylcholine (80%) make up lung surfactant - level of PC rises at 35 weeks of gestation in amniotic fluid - PC coats alveoli of lungs and reduces surface tension, preventing lung collapse - lack of surfactant in babies born prematurely leads to ARDS

Answer 40

peanuts, egg yolk, some processed foods containing dispersed fat

Answer 41

- class of glycerophospholipids with polar head group and ester long chain alcohol group in place of one FA - form a significant fraction of the membranes in nervous tissue - biosynthesis localized in peroxisomes - Functions: - Protect cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS), signaling molecules and modulators of membrane dynamics - Platelet activating factor (PAF): - serves as an extracellular mediator in the process of inflammation, has antihypertensive activity, increases vascular permeability

Answer 42

- have sphingosine backbone rather than glycerol - major components of nervous tissue and membranes - ceramide (sphingomyelin and glycolipids)

Answer 43

- contains sphingosine with a fatty acid joined to it amino group - sphingomyelin - glycolipids

Answer 44

-contains a ceramide and phosphocholine/phosphoethanolamine

Answer 45

- or glycosphingolipids - contain a ceramide and a carbohydrate group (either galactose or glucose)

Answer 46

1. cerebroside - contains a single moiety, principally galactose 2. sulfatides - sulfuric acid esters of galactocerebrosides 3. globosides - contains 2 or more sugars 4. gangliosides - similar to globosides except also contain sialic acid

Answer 47

- sphingolipids are important components of myelin sheath, a multilayered structure that protects and insulates the nerve fibers - sphingomyelin is the primary sphingolipid in humans

Answer 48

- cerebrosides - important components in muscle and nerve cell membrane - myelin is well known cerebroside - two major types are glucocerebrosides (other tissues) and galactocerebrosides (neural tissue)

Answer 49

- type of lipid found in both plant and animal foods and are produced by the body - plant sterols are not well absorbed by the body and they reduce absorption of the major dietary sterol, cholesterol

Answer 50

- most common sterol in our diets - polar lipid with steroid ring system (4 rings) - hydrophobic but a single OH group allows it to interact with water at a membrane surface, considered amphipathic (polar=unesterified) this OH group can be esterified to a fatty acid to form a cholesterol ester (hydrophobic non polar lipid=esterified)

Answer 51

- part of every cell membrane, especially neural cells that make up brain, spinal cord, and nerves - vital to metabolism, situated in the crossroads of several metabolic pathways - several important sterol compound are synthesized using it including sex and adrenal hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D

Answer 52

- fatty part of animal products such as butter and egg yolk, whole milk, meats, poultry - egg whites, skim milk, and lean meat contain little to no cholesterol - we do not need to consume cholesterol because our bodies continually synthesize it, in liver and intestine

Answer 53

- made in the liver peroxisome by cytochrome P450 mediated oxidation of cholesterol - bile acids have a spacial configuration that gives them a polar side and a non polar side

Answer 54

- A- retinol - D- calciferol - E- alpha tocopherol - K- phylloquinone, menaquinone - are absorbed into the intestinal mucosal cells along with the products of lipid digestion - impaired fat absorption or conditions which alter the proper digestion and absorption of the fat can lead to vitamin deficiency - excess fat soluble vitamins can lead to toxicity

Answer 55

- proteins and carbs are water soluble - fats are water insoluble - dietary fats are mixed with other foods when we chew

Answer 56

- mouth has a limited role in breakdown of fats - in the stomach, it breaks fat into smaller droplets - these droplets float on top of digestive juices in the stomach until passed into small intestine

Answer 57

- liver produces bile acids and delivers them through the gall bladder - bile acids surround and emulsify dietary lipids in the duodenum

Answer 58

-produces bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acids, enzymes and coenzymes (TG lipase, colipase, cholesteryl esterase, phospholipases)

Answer 59

- lipid and water don't mix - our bodies are mostly aqueous and lipids are insoluble in water - the lipid bilayer separates one aqueous cell region from another - movement of big lipids across membranes requires them to broken down into smaller chemicals - lipid absorption- break lipids down, move them across the membrane, reassemble them in the cell

Answer 60

1. use of bile salts 2. mechanical mixing due to peristalsis

Answer 61

1. in complex with colipase, it breaks down TG which are present in the emulsified fat droplet - this occurs at the surface of the fat droplet - other lipid digesting enzymes work at the surface of the emulsified fat droplet to break down other lipids

Answer 62

1. products of TG digestion (MG and fatty acids) are solubilized into small bile acid micelles - these micelles deliver MG and fatty acids to intestinal epithelial cells where they are absorbed 2. within epithelial cells, the fatty acid and MG are reesterified into TG 3. TG is packaged into chylomicrons 4. chylomicrons are transported out to the lymphatics where they enter the bloodstream

Answer 63

1. liver produces bile acids 2. dietary lipids are emulsified by bile acids in duodenum 3. pancreas produces TG lipase, colipase, bicarbonate, cholesteryl esterase, phospholipases 4. TG lipase (complex with colipase) breaks down TG in emulsified fat droplet at the surface of the droplet, other enzymes also work 5. products of TG digestion (MG and fatty acid) are solubilized in small bile salt micelles 6. MG and fatty acids are absorbed in to the intestinal epithelial cells from bile acid micelles 7. chylomicrons are formed inside the cell 8. chylomicrons are transported out of the cell to the lymphatics and then enter the blood 9. products of digestion in small micelles are shuttled over to the brush border

Answer 64

- bile salts are amphipathic lipids - responsible for emulsifying dietary fat droplets for better water solubility and help form smaller micelles for greater absorption of lipids into intestinal epithelial cells - synthesized in liver and secreted via gallbladder into the intestinal lumen

Answer 65

1. non polar lipids are emulsified in surrounding aqueous milieu 2. bile salts form aggregates of emulsion droplets of lipids 3. in the lumen of intestine, pancreatic lipase digest dietary long chain fatty acids to products that amphipathic lipids 4. polar lipids are emulsified in surrounding aqueous milieu by amphipathic lipids to form micelles 5. amphipathic lipids spontaneously form aggregates to become soluble in water (miscible hydrophilic heads surrounding insoluble hydrophobic tails)

Answer 66

- small aggregates of mixed lipids and bile acids suspended in ingesta - as ingesta is mixed, micelles bump into the brush border of small intestine enterocytes and the lipids, including MG and fatty acids are taken up into epithelial cells

Answer 67

1. occurs in liver peroxisomes 2. first step is hydroxylation of cholesterol to 7alpha-cholesterol by 7alpha-hydroxylase 3. eventually, chenocholic acid and cholic acid are the products (2 primary bile acids) 4. these products inhibit the first step (product inhibition)

Answer 68

1. prior to secretion, bile acids are conjugated with either glycine or taurine - this increases water solubility and prevents passive reabsorption once secreted into small intestine 2. acid groups on bile acids are often converted to salts 3. bile salts are a major component of bile 4. sodium, calcium, potassium are often used to produce bile salts - sodium glcyocholate and sodium taurocholate (bile salts)

Answer 69

- a defect prevents the body from making bile acid which can result in progressive liver disease - usually is a defect in the hydroxylase enzyme used to make bile acid - symptoms: progressive liver disease, cholestasis, jaundice, liver fibrosis, abnormal bile acid precursors in urine - treatments: oral bile acid therapy is used which causes suppression of the 7alpha-hydroxylase preventing further synthesis of cholestatic intermediates

Answer 70

1. humans cannot break down and metabolize cholesterols complex ring structure for energy 2. rings must either be recycled or eliminated 3. enterohepatic circulation of bile salts occurs from the liver to the ileum of small intestine where digestion of fat takes place, back to the liver

Answer 71

1. 95% are recycled 2. 5% are excreted

Answer 72

1. there is a large pool of bile acids in the body (3-5g) - most are reabsorbed either actively or passively 2. the majority is recycled as primary or secondary conjugated bile acids by active transport from proximal or distal ileum - secondary conjugated bile salts happen after flora bacteria dehydroxylate bile salts - these are taken back to the liver via the portal system and carried on albumin through blood stream 3. additional bile acids are recycled via passive diffusion after they are deconjugated from amino acids glycine and taurine

Answer 73

-in healthy people, the amount of bile acid synthesized from cholesterol equals the amount of bile salts excreted (.8g/day, 5%)

Answer 74

1. they are converted to bile acids, but not reabsorbed and the excreted int feces 2. they are secreted as intact cholesterol into bile and then eliminated to feces

Answer 75

- some types of dietary fibers, ion exchange resins like cholestyramine, block reabsorption of bile acids - since more cholesterol is converted to bile acids response, this helps to eliminate significant quantities of cholesterol from the body

Answer 76

- class of compounds that prevent the uptake of cholesterol from small intestine into circulatory system - example: ezetimibe

Answer 77

1. mouth and stomach - lingual lipases in the mouth and gastric lipases in the stomach preferentially hydrolyze TG which contains short and medium chain fatty acids - churning and emulsifying occurs here 2. Liver - bile salts produced in liver, and bile is recycled back to liver 3. Pancreas - releases enzymes lipases and colipases to assist lipase for digestion of long chain fatty acids, and bicarbonate for pH neutralization 4. Intestine (duodenum) - bile salts break up large fat droplets into smaller micelles, increasing surface area for digestive enzymes

Answer 78

- acid stable lipase - short and medium chain fatty acids from TG are targets of this enzyme - digestion by this enzyme is very limited due to short time food stays in mouth

Answer 79

- acid stable lipase degrading short and medium chain fatty acids - accounts for 30% of total TG hydrolysis - this initial hydrolysis is slow - important because some of the water immiscible TGs are converted to products that possess both polar and and non polar groups

Answer 80

- no - this is important when considering in dietary therapy for individuals with mal absorption of other lipids

Answer 81

- these enzymes are particularly important in neonates, for whom milk fat is the primary source of calories - lipids in cows milk are mostly short and medium chain fatty acids - they are also important digestive enzymes in individuals with pancreatic insufficiency such as those with cystic fibrosis - lingual and gastric lipases degrade TGs despite near or complete absence of pancreatic lipase

Answer 82

1. TG lipase or pancreatic lipase 2. colipase 3. cholesteryl esterase 4. phospholipase

Answer 83

- cuts ester bonds at primary alcohol of TG (1 and 3 position) - major products are 2-MG and fatty acids

Answer 84

-an anti obesity drug which inhibits pancreatic and gastric lipase thereby decreasing fat absorption and resulting in weight loss

Answer 85

- bile salts inhibit lipase - colipase binds lipase anchoring it at the lipid aqueous phase, bringing it into contact with the oil droplet - and orienting the enzymes active site toward its substrate - lipase activity is increased by binding to the colipase - colipase is secreted as a zymogen, procolipase, which is activated by trypsin in the intestine

Answer 86

- degrades cholesteryl esters to cholesterol and one fatty acid - esterase activity is increased in the presence of bile salts

Answer 87

1. degrades phosphatidylcholine in two steps to one free fatty acid and lysophosphatidylcholine 2. then to glycerophosphoylcholine and 2 free fatty acids - phospholipase A2 is secreted as a zymogen and is activated by trypsin in the intestine - its activity is greatly increased in the presence of bile salts

Answer 88

- short chain- formed in the intestines by friendly bacteria and are rapidly metabolized by intestinal cells - medium chain- absorbed and transported directly to the liver where they are burned for energy - long chain- turned into TGs and then are taken up by cells and used for energy or are stored - bile form gallbladder is needed to digest long chain fatty acids

Answer 89

1. in the duodenum, relatively large emulsified droplets become coated with bile salts 2. lipid droplets contain mostly TGs, cholesterol, CE, PLs, and fat soluble vitamins 3. digestive enzymes work at the oil water interface to release free fatty acids and 2-MG at the surface 4. crowding occurs at the surfaces due to non polar molecules becoming more polar 5. this allows molecules at the surface to pinch off into small micro droplets, called micelles 6. micelles carry products of digestion to the microvilli where they are absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells (mixed micelles are smaller and contain products of digestion: free fatty acids, lysophospholipids, 2-MG, cholesterol, fat soluble vitamins) 7. the micelles bud off from the large lipid droplets after digestion and move toward the brush border membrane of intestinal mucosal cells where lipids are absorbed

Answer 90

- cholecystokinin (CCK) - secretin

Answer 91

1. cells in the mucosa of the jejunum and lower duodenum produce a small peptide called CCK 2. when partially digested lipids and proteins enter the upper small intestine, CCK acts on the gall bladder and exocrine cells of pancreas, causing them to release bile salts and digestive enzymes respectively 3. CCK also decreases gastric motility, resulting in a slower release of gastric contents into small intestine

Answer 92

1. in response to low pH in the chyme entering the intestine, secretin is released 2. causes the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate to neutralize the pH of intestinal contents

Answer 93

1. they come into contact with the epithelial cell membranes 2. the products of lipid digestion pass out of the micelle through the membrane and into the cell 3. in the cell, lipids are resynthesized and packaged with specific proteins into chylomicrons 4. chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system and then pass from intestinal lymph ducts to the thoracic duct to vessels supplying lungs 5. essential fatty acids are needed for surfactant production in lungs 6. dietary fats are also transported to muscles, adipose tissue, and liver

Answer 94

- they do not require bile salts for absorption - they do not need to be packaged into chylomicrons - they directly enter the portal blood and are transported to the liver bound to serum albumin

Answer 95

- contains lipid droplets surrounded by the more polar lipids and finally a layer of proteins - from intestines they are released into the blood via lymph system for delivery to various tissues for storage and production of energy through oxidation

Answer 96

-packaged into VLDLs and released into the blood directly

Answer 97

- distinguished based upon the density of the different lipoproteins - lipid is less dense than protein - the lower the density, the less protein it contains

Answer 98

- chylomicrons are spherical particles consisting of a core of TGs (85%) and cholesterol esters (CE) with a shell of alipoproteins, phospholipids, unesterified cholesterol - alipoproteins are embedded with their hydrophobic edges oriented toward the core and their hydrophilic edges toward the outside - the major protein of chylomicron is apoB48

Answer 99

- genetic defect leads to lack of chylomicron - patients suffering from this disorder suffer from severe neural degeneration - lack of chylomicron interrupts transfer of Vit E fro intestine to neurons and other tissues - treatment: Vit E injections can overcome this block (oral doses greater than 1000X of normal)

Answer 100

1. TG is produced in the smooth ER of intestinal cells from digestive products, fatty acids and 2-MG 2. the protein is synthesized in the rough ER, major protein is apoB48 3. assembly of lipoprotein occurs in the Golgi complex - ApoB organizes the assembly - picks up Apo A, C, E in plasma - TG composition resembles dietary intake - requires phospholipids

Answer 101

- 48- small, in intestine - 100- large, in liver

Answer 102

1. newly synthesized chylomicrons (nascent) mature as they receive apoproteins C and E from high density lipoproteins (HDL) 2. HDL functions in the transfer of these apoproteins and also in transfer of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver - ApoC also found in VLDL

Answer 103

1. TG components of chylomicrons (and VLDLs) are hydrolyzed to free fatty acids and glycerol in the capillaries of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle by the action of lipoprotein lipase 2. free fatty acids are then absorbed by cells and the glycerol is returned via blood to the liver (and kidneys) 3. glycerol is converted to glycolytic intermediate DHAP 4. chylomicrons circulate through blood where they are delivered to a tissue that needs lipids - within lumen of capillaries in the blood stream, TGs are broken down by lipoprotein lipase to fatty acid and glycerol - this enzyme is used mostly by adipocytes and muscle cells - it is secreted and associated with the luminal surface of endothelial cells of capillary walls of most tissues - high insulin induces increased LPL - ApoC2 activates LPL

Answer 104

- skeletal and heart muscles - liver - kidney

Answer 105

- brain - RBC - adipose

Answer 106

1. chylomicrons are synthesized and packaged in intestinal epithelial cells, secreted into lymph, pass into the blood, and become mature chylomicrons 2. on capillary walls, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), activated by ApoC, digests the TG of chylomicrons to fatty acids and glycerol 3. fatty acids are oxidized by cells which need them or stored in adipose tissue as TGs 4. remnants of chylomicrons are taken up by liver by receptor mediated endocytosis 5. lysosomal enzymes digest the remnants, releasing products to be used by liver

Answer 107

- fed state promotes TG storage - increased LPL synthesis and activity in adipocytes - decreased LPL synthesis and activity in skeletal muscle and heart

Answer 108

- decreased LPL in adipocytes - increased LPL in muscle (skeletal and heart)

Answer 109

- Km of LPL is lower in muscle than adipose - substrates have a higher affinity for muscle LPL

Lipids Flashcards

(138 cards)