2nd yr- IBMS- mustafa > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Define lipids

A

Biological molecules that are insoluble in aqueous solutions and soluble in organic solvents are classified as lipids

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2
Q

What do lipids include?

A
  1. Fats
  2. Oils
  3. Certain vitamines
  4. Hormones
  5. The cell membrane that is not made up of protein
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3
Q

Name the major classifications of lipids

A
  1. Fatty acids and its derivatives
  2. Cholesterols and its derivatives
  3. Lipoproteins
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4
Q

What are fatty acids comprised of?

A

Hydrogen chains terminating with carboxylic acid groups

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5
Q

What does the length and degree of saturation of the hydrocarbon chain dictate?

A

Its physical properties

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6
Q

What are fatty acids responsible for?

A

The hydrophobic properties exhibited by lipids

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7
Q

What do fatty acids have an important role in?

A
  1. Cellular fuel sources
  2. Energy storage within adipose tissues in the form of triacylglycerols
  3. Structural functions
  4. The composition of hormones
  5. The modification of proteins
  6. Cell signalling
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8
Q

What are the 2 main groups fatty acids can be divided into?

A
  1. Saturated

2. Unsaturated

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9
Q

Describe saturated fats

A

They are generally solid at room temperature

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10
Q

Where are saturated fats found?

A

Animal sources:

  1. Lard
  2. Butter
  3. Hard margarine
  4. Cheese
  5. Whole milk
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11
Q

Describe unsaturated fats

A

They are usually liquid at room temperature

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12
Q

Where are unsaturated fats found

A

Vegetable sources

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13
Q

What is the characteristic of unsaturated fatty acid

A

They have one or more carbon double bonds

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14
Q

What can carbon double bonds give?

A

Cis or Trans isomers

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15
Q

What is a fatty acid with one double bond called?

A

Mono unsaturated

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16
Q

What dictates the physical property of fatty acids?

A

The length and degree of saturation of the hydrocarbon

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17
Q

Which part of the lipid is responsible for its hydrophobic properties?

A

The fatty acid chain

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18
Q

What is a fatty acid with MORE than one double bond called?

A

Polyunsaturated

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19
Q

Which is healthier saturated fats or unsaturated vegetable oils?

A

Unsaturated vegetable oils

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20
Q

Give examples of unsaturated vegetable oils

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A
  1. Sesame
  2. Sunflower
  3. Soya
  4. Olive oil
  5. Soft margarine
    6, Oily fish
21
Q

What has research shown about unsaturated cis fats?

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A

They can help lower cholesterol

22
Q

What makes a fatty acid ‘trans’

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A

Means the hydrogens are u 2 different planes

23
Q

Where are trans fats found naturally?

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A

Found naturally at low levels in some foods such as meat and diary products

24
Q

How man grams of trans fat does the government recommend?

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A

adults should not have more than about 5g of trans fatsa day

25
Name some Physiologically Relevant Fatty Acids
1. Myristic acid 2. Palmitic acid 3. Palmitoleic acid 4. Stearic acid 5. Oleic acid 6. Linoleic acid 7. Linolenic acid 8. Arachidonic acid
26
Name the 2 essential fatty acids
1. Linoleic acid | 2. Linolenic acid
27
What is the importance of myristic acid
It is often found attached to the N term of plasma membrane associated cytoplasmic proteins
28
What is the importance of palmitic acid
It is the end product of mammalian fatty acid synthesis
29
How many grams of saturated fat does the government recommend for men?
men should not have more than 30g of saturated fat a day
30
How many grams of saturated fat does the government recommend for women?
women should not have more than 20g of saturated fat a day
31
What are triglycerides composed of?
Composed of a glycerol backbone to which 3 fatty acids are esterified
32
What are triglycerides used for in the body?
1. They are very effect long term energy storage 2. Protects nd cushions organs 3. Fat deposits under skin and throughout body cut heat loss
33
Compare the energy released from triglycerides and carbohydrates?
Gram for gram triglycerides have more than twice the energy of Carbohydrates
34
State a property of triglyceride that makes it an efficient energy store
It is virtually non polar
35
What are steroids?
They are lipids characterised by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
36
Name the most common steroid
Cholesterol
37
What is a high blood cholesterol associated with?
Increased incidences of heart attack and stroke
38
Where in the body is cholesterol made?
The liver
39
What is cholesterol carried as in the blood?
1. low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | 2. high-density lipoprotein (HDL0
40
What can too much saturated fat lead to?
Can raise the LDL cholesterol in the blood which can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke
41
What effect does HDL cholesterol have?
Has a positive effect
42
How does HDL cholesterol have a positive effect
It takes cholesterol from parts of the body where's too much of it to the liver where it is disposed of
43
What is eating too much saturated fats associated with?
Increased blood cholesterol concentration and an increased risk of heart disease
44
Which type of lipids are deemed as being really unhealthy
Trans fats (hydrogenated unsaturated fats)
45
What are hydrogenated fats?
They are liquid vegetable oils made creamy when when manufacturers convert some of the unsaturated fats into saturated ones through a process called "hydrogenation."
46
Wha is the government guideline regarding lipid intake
Recommend fats make up no more than 35 per cent of the energy in the diet.
47
Wha is the government guideline regarding saturated fats
Saturated fats should provide less than 11 per cent of total energy intake.
48
In grams how much fat should the average woman consume?
70g
49
In grams how much fat should the average man consume?
95g
2nd yr- IBMS- mustafa
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