Chemistry 2nd Year > Lipids - PP > Flashcards

Lipids - PP Flashcards

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1
Q

Lipids physical properties:

A
  • soluble in nonpolar solvents

- insoluble in water

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2
Q

How are certain polyunsaturated fatty acids provided?

A

However, certain polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential in metabolism, must be provided in the diets.

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3
Q

Examples of sphingolipids:

A
  • Sphingomyelin

- Cerebroside

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4
Q

Where de we get saturated triacylglycerols from?

A

The saturated triacylglycerols of the body can be synthesized from all three major foodstuffs: proteins, carbohydrates, and fats or oils.

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5
Q

Lipids e.g:

A
  • Carboxylic acid (or “fatty acids”)
  • Glyceryl Trialknoates (neutral fats)
  • Phospholipids
  • Glycolipids
  • Waxes
  • Terpenes
  • Steroids
  • Prostaglandines
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6
Q

Propane-1,2,3-triol = ?

A

Glycerol

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7
Q

How many alcohols does the glycerol have?

A

3

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8
Q

Triester = ?

A

Triglycerides

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9
Q

How is triester formed?

A

Glycerol and palmitic acid

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10
Q

Carboxylic acid

A
  • usually have unbranched hydrocarbon chains
  • 16 or 18 carbon atoms
  • called fatty acid
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11
Q

Traditional name: Palmitic acid

A

Origin of name: Palm oil

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12
Q

Traditional name: Stearic acid

A

Origin of name: Suet (stear)

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13
Q

Traditional name: oleic acid

A

Origin of name: olive oil

- have two dobble bonds

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14
Q

Traditional name: Linoleic acid

A

Origin of name: oil of flax

- have two dobble bonds

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15
Q

Glyceryl trialkanoates = ?

A
  • triacylglyceols
  • triglycerides
  • glycerides
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16
Q

How are fat and fatty oil in room temperature?

A
  • fat are solid

- oils are liquid

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17
Q

Are most of the naturally occuring fats and oils homogenous triglycerides?

A

Nope

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18
Q

Vegetable oils are ________

A

Liquid

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19
Q

Animal fats are ________

A

Solids

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20
Q

How is the meltingpoint for unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids?

A
  • the unsaturated fatty acid have loweer melting point than the saturated fatty acids. That is because that the unsaturated fatty acids are loosely packed compared to the saturated ones, which means that less energy is needed to melt the triglyceride.
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21
Q

How do we produce solid fats?

A

Hydrogenation

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22
Q

Triglycerides can undergo __________ and _______

A

Hydrogenation and saponification

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23
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Hydrogenation of oil produces a solid fat

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24
Q

Saponification = ?

A

Alkaline hydrolysis

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25
Saponification is;
Alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) of triglycerols produces glycerol and mixture of salt of long chain carboxylic acid
26
Where can triglycerols be found?
Adipose tissue
27
Where are phospholipids derived from?
They are derived from a glycerol derivative known as phosphatidic acid, in which two hydroxyl groups of glycerol are joined in ester linkages to fatty acids and one terminal hydroxyl group is joined in a ester linkage to phosphoric acid
28
Where is sphingolipids derived from?
Sphingosine
29
Give examples of sphinolipids:
- sphingomyelin | - cerebroside
30
What does the hydrolysis of sphinomyelin yield?
- Sphingosine - Choline - Phosphoric acid - 22-C lignoceric acid
31
The cerebroside is ______
A glycolipid
32
What makes up myelin?
Sphingolipids, together with protein and polysaccharides, make up myelin.
33
How is the melting point of the waxes compared to the triglicerydes?
The melting points of waxses are higher than those of triglicerydes.
34
What is resistant to saponification and why?
Waxes. Because of their extensive hydrocarbon content
35
What are waxes?
They are simple monoesters formed from long-chain fatty acid and long-chain alcohol.
36
Beeswax= ?
Carnauba wax
37
Cetul palmitate is from _____
Spermaceti
38
What is the wax screted from the preen glands kf waterflow consist of?
- esters of 1-octadecanol | - branched-chained fatty acids such as 2,4,6,8-tetramethyloctanoic acid
39
What secretes wax by preen glands?
Ducks and geese
40
How many C atoms does the Monoterpenes have?
10
41
How many C atoms does the Sesquiterpenes have?
15
42
How many C atoms does the Diterpenes have?
20
43
How many C atoms does the Triterpenes have?
30
44
Terpenoids
Oxygen-containing compounds
45
Terpenes
Hydrocarbons
46
What is terpenes build from?
Terpenes are built up from two or more fibe carbon units known as isoprene units know as isoprene units
47
Isopren
Is 2methyl-1,3butadiene
48
NB!!!
The structure of isoprene units and isoprene is NOT the same
49
Do the plants synthesize terpenes from isoprene?
No
50
Monoterpene = ?
Myrcene
51
Sesquiterpene = ?
"Alpha"-farnescene
52
How many isoprene units does the monoterpene (myrcene) have?
They have two isoprene units
53
How many isoprene units does the sesquiterpene (-farnesene) have?
They have three isoprene units
54
How are the isoprene linked?
- Head to tail | - Linked in rings
55
Carotenes are ___________
Tetraterpenes
56
Where are carotenes present?
In almost all green plants
57
What are the precusors of vitamin A and how are they converted to vitamin A?
All three carotenes serve as precusors for Vitamin A, for they all can be converted to vitamin by enzymes in the liver.
58
One molecule carotene =
Two molecules of Vitamin A(retinol)
59
Steroids are derivatives of:
Thenfollowingnperhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene ring system.
60
What is cholesterol?
Cholesterol is the most occuring steroid.
61
Where can we find cholesterol?
We can find them in the gallstones
62
What steroid can be isolated from yeast?
Ergosterol (vitamin D2)
63
What are prostglandins?
They are C-20-carboxylic acid that contain five-membered ring, at least one double bond, and several oxygen containing groups.
64
What are the names if the most biologically active prosthlandins?
Prostglandin E2 and Prostglandin F1
Chemistry 2nd Year
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