1
Q
What are the 3 types of damage levels in regards to Target Analysis?
A
- Disablement
- Destruction
- Neutralisation
2
Q
What are the different types of targets?
A
- People
- Vehicles
- Structures
- Equipment
- Aircraft
- Complex
3
Q
Types of Armoured vehicles?
A
- Main Battle Tank (MBT)
- Light Armoured Vehicle (LAV)
4
Q
Aircraft in flight can be subdivided into?
A
- Fast moving aircraft - faster than 300knots
- Slow moving aircraft - between 200 and 300 knots
- Helicopters
5
Q
What are the different equipment found around the battlefield?
A
- Soft skinned vehicles.
- Aircraft on the ground.
- Storage dumps/maintenance areas.
- Electronic and communication equipment.
6
Q
Considerations for development and production of weapon systems?
A
- Simple
- Easy to make.
- Easy to inspect.
- Safe to transport, store and handle.
7
Q
What are the ways of producing energy to achieve the desired effect in a conventional attack?
A
- Kinetic Energy (KE)
- Chemical Energy (CE)
8
Q
What are the Defensive Aid Suites (DAS) fitted to MBT?
A
- Sensor package
Active systems.
Passive systems. - Counter measures.
- Electro Optic Attack.
- RF Attack.
- Decoys.
9
Q
Examples of high energy ammunition?
A
- Kinetic - APFSDS
- Chemical - HEAT, HESH, EFP
10
Q
What are the basic techniques in the design of warheads?
A
- Overpressure (Blast).
- Kinetic energy (bullets or fragmenting warheads).
- Special kinetic energy (continuous rod).
- Shaped charges (EFPs).
11
Q
What is the mathematical equation for the probability of kill?
A
Pk = Ph x Pr x Pl
where Pk - Probability of Kill
Ph - Probability of Hit
Pr - Reliability of weapon
Pl - Lethality of the warhead
12
Q
REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What are the types of armor?
A
- Rolled Homogeneous Armour (RHA)
- Spaced Homogenous
- Ply
- Face hardened
- Reactive Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA)
- Composite (Chobham) - mixture of metals, plastic, ceramics and sometimes air
- Slat (Bar)
13
Q
What are tank damage assessment criteria?
A
- M - Mobility kill
- F - Firepower kill
- K - Completely destroyed
14
Q
What are APC and MICV damage assessment criteria?
A
- F - Firepower kill
- P - Payload kill
15
Q
What are the different High Energy Forms Of Attack?
A
- Kinetic energy
- Chemical energy
- Combination of both
16
Q
What are the reasons for shot failure?
A
- Barrrelling
- Shattering
- Lateral Bending
17
Q
What is the KE of 120mm APFSDS?
A
1500 m/s
18
Q
How can the penetration in armor be increased?
A
- Lengthening of barrel
- Rocket assisstance
- Improve steadiness of shot
- Lengthen the projectile
- Use of segmented long rod penetrators
19
Q
REMEMBER THIS QUESTION
What are the factors affecting shape charges?
A
- Cone Diameter
- Shape of Liner
- Liner Material
- Stand – Off Distance
- Rate of Spin
20
Q
why most of the HEAT EO is fin stabilised and not spin stabilised?
A
Becasue rate of spin affects the penetration effect of shape charge
21
Q
Which EO uses combination of KE and CE?
A
70mm HEISAP (High Explosive Incendiary Semi Armour Peircing)
22
Q
What is Behind Armour Effects (BAE)?
A
Physical disruptive effects (shaped charge jet)
Psychological and physiological effects against the crew (blast, shock, heat or light)
23
Q
What are the BAE types?
A
- Luminescence
- Spalling (scabbing)
- Heat / Fires
- Overpressure
24
Q
What are the aircraft damage criteria used in defence industry?
A
- KK - Kill The target suffers immediate and catastrophic disintegration.
- K - Kill The target is destroyed in less than 10 secs
- A - Kill The target is destroyed in less than 5 mins.
- B - Kill The target is defeated in less than 5 hours.
- C - Kill The target’s mission is not achieved (mission
- E - Kill The target may complete its mission but needs repair before it can fly again.
25
what are the other aircraft damage criteria?
* Ft - Flight Kill
* Ct - Continuance Kill
* Et - Effectiveness Kill
26
What are the vulnerable parts of aircraft?
* Structural Attack
Air frame
People, the aircrew
* Structural Attack
Fuel cells/tanks & lines
Engines
* Power transmission systems
* Flight controls
* Avionics
* Bomb load / Pay load
27
What are different ways to reduce the vulnerability of aircraft?
* Armouring
* Burying sensitive components
* Concentrating sensitive components
* Duplicating components
* Separating components
* Self sealing fuel tanks
28
What are the different types of warheads?
* Blast
External
Internal
* Fragmentation (Inefficient 80% Wasted)
* Fragmentation plus blast
* Special kinetic energy
Discrete rod
Continuous rod
* Shaped charges
* Sub projectiles
* Cluster
29
What are the effects of altitude on aircraft attack?
* Density
* Attenuation
* Miss Distance
* Altitude increases/warhead increases
30
What are the types of damage on personnel?
* Physical:
Casualties.
Damage to material.
* Mental:
Affects the will to fight.
Difficult to quantify against a well disciplined enemy.
31
What are requirements for most efficient attack on personnel?
* High probability of a hit.
* Rapid transfer of energy.
* No unnecessary overkill.
32
What are the different fragment producers?
* Generic HE projectiles.
* Pre notched containers (e.g. grenades)
* Pre formed fragments (e.g. mines).
33
How can the control of fragment size be acheived?
* Case material and its mechanical properties
* Thickness of the wall
* Quantity of explosive and its position in relation to the fragmenting case
* Velocity of detonation of the explosive.
34
How can the control of fragment velocity be acheived?
* Amount of explosive behind the fragment wall
* Charge density and velocity of detonation
* Density of the wall material.
35
What are the factors affecting performance of frag eo?
* Orientation of projectile to target
* Height of burst
* Average area of exposed target
36
What are complex targets?
Targets that have several different elements, generally people in combination with other types of target.
37
Explain KE and CE in the context of EO?
* KE - Kinetic energy is in a form of a "shot" which dissipates its energy on impact. Does not require a triggering device to control the energy release.
* CE - Chemical energy is in the form of substance, which has considerable potential energy relative to its mass, which can be released when subduly inititiated.
38
Define Brisance.
Shattering effect of an explosive.
39
What is Velocity of Detonation?
* The rate, in metres per second, at which the wave of detonation passes through an explosive substance.
* Detonation velocities lie in the approximate range of 1500 to 9000 m/s.
40
Definition of explosion
An explosion is the violent and rapid decomposition of energetic material to produce energy (heat) and gas which will lead to violent pressure rupturing of any confining structure.
41
List the main targets of FAE.
* Concentrations of AFV and SP Guns
* Parked aircraft
* Minefield clearance
* Ships
* Bunkers / trenches
* Concentrations of troops in the open
42
What are the three main phases of
blast?
* Shock front
* Positive phase
* Negative phase
43
List the different types of fuel which can be used in FAE?
* Acetylene
* Butane
* Ethylene oxide
* Kerosene
* Propylene oxide
* Aluminium
44
What is the Figure of Insensitivity (FoI) of different explosives.
* Figures 20 and below - Highly sensitive (Used mainly as Initiators)
* Figures 70 to 100 - Intermediaries
* Figures greater than 100 - Main Charges
45
What is difference between reflection, diffraction and rarefaction?
* Reflection - When the shock wave is reflected back at an angle to the original path.
* Diffraction - Breaking up or scattering of a wave by an obstacle.
* Rarefraction - is the low pressure area immediately after a shock wave
46
What is Deflagration?
Deflagration (to burn down) - Is a technical term describing SUBSONIC combustion that usually propagates through thermal conductivity (hot burning material heats the next layer of cold material and ignites it).
47
Define Detonation
Involves a SUPERSONIC exothermic front accelerating through a medium that drives a shock front propagating directly in front of it.
48
Classification of Explosives?
* Propellants: Gun & Rocket.
* Pyrotechnics: Smoke grenades, signal flares, etc.
* High Explosives: TNT, RDX, COMP B, HMX, OCTOL, PBX, etc.
49
2 types of Explosive trains
Disruptive (Detonator)
Igniferous (Initiator)
50
What are the requirements of military explosives?
* Performance
* Stability
* Consistency
* Water resistant
* Thermal behaviour
* Sensitivity
51
What are the factors affecting VoD?
* Density of the Charge
* Charge Diameter
* Degree of Confinement
* Strength of Detonator
52
What are the two types of discarding sabots?
* Pot
* Petal
53
What are 3 types of Explosion?
* Physical (Mechanical) - Natural (Volcano), structural (Failure of a pressurised gas cylinder)
* Chemical - HEAT, HESH, EFP
* Nuclear
54
What are primary effects of explosion?
* Blast
* Heat
* Frag
55
Types of blast pressure
* Dynamic
* Incident
* Quasi static
* Reflected
56
Advantages of FAE
* Larger overpressures at greater distances than HE.
* Requires little or no oxygen in the molecular structure therefore making a FAE explosion 3 to 5 times hotter than HE.
57
Disadvantages of FAE
FAE is dependant on weather conditions.
Strong winds would prevent the development of the optimal shape from the initial burst.
58
How can the explosives be initiated?
* Direct heat/ flame
* Percussion and stabbing
* Friction
* Electrical
* Shock wave
* Electromagnetic
* Laser
* Chemical reaction
59
In your own words, how does HESH round work?
When the rebounding tension wave meets forward moving primary shock waves this exceeds the strength of the plate, and a large scab is detached from the rear surface
60
what is the size of scab from HESH rounds?
Depends on calibre of weapon and thickness of armour but generally 1 1/4 to 1 1/2 times its own diameter
61
What is Reverse Impact Detonation (RID)?
Detonation occurs before the fuze can produce detonation of the filling, the shock wave will be travelling in the wrong direction
62
What are the secondary effects of HESH?
* Anti--personnel effects from
Fragmentation
Shock wave, even if no scabbing occurs
* Damage to sensitive equipment
63
How to defeat HESH?
* Spaced armour
* Skirting plates
* Grooved
* Reactive armour
64
What are the design problems of HESH?
In simple words, what can go wrong with HESH round?
* Delivery to target to ensure that the HE is in close contact with plate over a wide area at the moment of detonation
* Shock wave must be travelling towards the plate this means it must be initiated from the rear
* HE fill must be sufficiently insensitive to withstand impact on plate to prevent Reverse Impact Detonation (RID)
* Shell wall must be thin to facilitate spread of explosive
65
What are the factors that affect the performance of HESH?
* Calibre
* Angle of attack
* Striking velocity
66
Two forms of stabilisation for KE rounds?
* Spin - 7:1 length:diameter ratio for spin
* Fin - 15:1 length:diameter ratio for fin
67
What are the types of stresses (Shot failure) of KE?
* Barrelling
* Shattering
* Lateral bending
68
How does APDS work?
* 2 part projectile
Sabot -Wide base & low mass internal
Sub projectile - Small cross-section high mass external
* Maximises ballistics and hence velocity
* Burning propellant pushes on base of pot
* Weak ring shears
* Petals discards radially
* MV 1400ms
69
Definition of shape charge.
A charge shaped so as to concentrate its explosive force in a particular direction
70
Factors in the design of fragmenting warheads for aircraft.
* Fragment mass
* Fragment pattern
* Fragment velocity
71
Factors affecting energy transfer WRT to attack on personnel
* Fragment mass and velocity
* Fragment Cross sectional area
* Stability of the fragment
72
Factors affecting the performance of fragmentation in personnel attack
* Distribution of fragmentation - spread along longitudnal axis
* Orientation of projectile - vertical is best. Move away from vertical and lots of fragmetns are lost in air or ground
* Height of burst - optimum is 2 - 4 m. Achieved by the fuze attached
* Average area of presented target - lying, kneeling, protection worn, surrounding terrain
73
Severity of casualty or type of wound depends on
* Actual energy transferred
* Rate of transfer of energy from projectile to target
* Tumbling/yawing reduces energy transfer
74
Explain Barreling
* Direct compression failure in the shot material. The shot bellies at about its mid point.
* Increase in cross sectional area and the shot fails to push through.
* Improved by putting a hardness gradient along the shot, increasing its compressive strength.
* The shot is made hardest at its tip and is left reasonably soft at its base.
75
Explain Shattering
* Raising the hardness of shot whilst increasing the strength makes the shot brittle.
* During impact, several hoop stresses are set up in the nose of the shot.
* At high striking velocities, the nose can fail under these stresses and longitudnal cracks are formed.
* The shot is said to "break up", where the effect is more catastrophic and the shot disintegrates, this is known as "shatter.
76
Define lateral bending in shot failure.
* At high angle of attack, the shot is subject to severe lateral stresses, particularly at the rear end.
* This can be reduced by toughening the rear part by adding a steel sheath at the rear end of the shot.
77
What are the problems faced with lengthening the projectile for better penetration in KE?
* Stablility at launch and during flight
* Potential for break up at the target
78
Types of blast pressure and explanation
* Dynamic - Results from the high wind velocity and increased density of air behind the shock front.
* Incident - The pressure exerted at the right angle to the direction of travel of shock front
* Quasi static - results when an explosion happens inside a structure.
* Reflected - Instantaneous build up of pressure when a shock front strikes a rigid surface in its line of travel.
79
For a chemical to be an explosive, it must exhibit all of the following:
HIRE
* Rapid expansion
* Evolution of heat
* Rapidity of reaction
* Initiation of reaction
80
Effects of explosion
* When ordnance functions, the explosive fill is rapidly changed into an expanding mass of hot gases accompanied by heat, light and noise.
* The effect depends on location:
Above Ground - Effect caused from blast and fragments.
Below Ground - Effect caused from ground shock, blast and ejecta (material thrown out).
81
Define blast
Violent disruptive effect caused by an explosion. From the explosion there is an evolution of heat and gases and a shock front which emanates from the centre of the explosion.
82
Define mach stem
* Occurs when reflected blast wave coincides with the original wave.
* Reflected wave is moving faster through the air already driven forward by the blast wave.
* The two waves combine to increase the pressure.
83
Explain how FAE works.
* Rapidly disseminated by an explosive bursting charge to form a cloud in the air.
* Fused to provide a delay after the initial burst during which the cloud expands to its optimum size.
* The fuze initiates or ignites which causes the cloud to burn to detonation.
* The blast wave formed inside the cloud and proceeds unabated to the edge of the cloud.
* The overpressure is therefore very high when the wave is an appreciable distance from the point of initiation.
84
Define the term Explosive Train
An arrangement used to lead explosive reaction from one place to other.
A sequential arrangement of initiator, intermediary and main charge. e.g. detonator, booster and main fill
85
What are the requirements of propellants?
* Must give regular ballistics.
* Must not produce excessive flash or smoke.
* Must not cause undue erosion.
* Must be relatively easily ignited.
* Must be stable for storage under Worldwide conditions.
86
Factors influencing Explosions
DDMNQ
* Quality of initiating source.
* Nature of explosive.
* Mass of explosive.
* Unit density of explosive.
* Degree of confinement.
87
Different ways of initiation of explosives
* Direct heat
* Friction
* Shock wave
* Laser
* Chemical reaction
* Electrical
* Electromagnetic
* Percussion
88
Requirements for Initiators
* Must detonate / initiate readily by the means in use:
Percussion, friction or flash.
* Must not be so sensitive as to endanger the safety of the store concerned.
* Must be stable.
* Must be sufficiently powerful to initiate either an intermediary, or the main explosive charge.
89
Requirements for intermediaries
* Must be sufficiently sensitive to respond readily to the impulse delivered from the initiator without being too sensitive for safety in the store concerned.
* Must pass this impulse in an amplified form to the main filling in order to cause it to detonate / deflagrate.
90
Requirements for main charges/ fill
* Must produce a large amount of both heat and gas.
* Must have a high velocity of detonation as required.
* Must not be unduly sensitive to shock.
* Must be easily loaded to a high density.
* Must be stable.
91
Why is the Oxygen Balance important?
* When the oxygen balance is neutral then the heat of explosion is optimal.
* Any deviation from the perfect oxygen balance will lead to a lower heat of explosion
92
What is oxygen balance?
The percentage of Weight of Oxygen, positive or negative remaining after an explosion.
