Ad Hominem
attacking the person instead of the argument itself
Strawman
Twisting an argument to make it easier to attack, exaggerating
False Cause
You assume one thing caused another just because they happened together
Circular Reasoning (begging the question)
Using the conclusion as the reason, you assume the conclusion is already true instead of trying to prove it, often arises in situations where people have an assumption that is very ingrained
False Dichotomy (Black and White)
Presenting only two options when more exist
Appeal to Authority
Saying something is true just because an expert or famous person says it (without evidence)
Hasty Generalization
Making a broad conclusion from too little evidence, assuming things
Appeal to Emotion
Trying to win an argument by making people feel strong emotions (like fear, pity, guilt, or anger) instead of using facts or logic.
Red Herring
Changing the topic to distract from the real issue.
Tu Quoque
Avoiding criticism by accusing the other person of the same thing.
Appeal to Tradition
Saying something is right just because it’s always been done that way
Bandwagon
Saying something is true or good because many people believe it.
Slippery Slope
Claiming a small step will lead to extreme results without proof.
Burden of Proof
demanding “prove me wrong” instead of evidence
Moving the Goal Post
When someone changes the rules or standards after you’ve already met them, changing the rules to prevent the other person to win
