1
Q
name the 2 types of research.
A
experimental and correlational
2
Q
what does a correlation coefficient (R) do?
A
indicates the strength and direction of the relationship
3
Q
what is a Positive Relationship?
A
as x increases, x increases (diagonal line up)
4
Q
what is a negative Relationship?
A
as x increase, y decreases (diagonal line down)
5
Q
at what number (s) is the strongest correlation?
A
1, -1
6
Q
name the 3 scientific approaches.
A
- survey
- case study
- naturalistic observation
7
Q
name a pro and con of correlation research.
A
pro: can study what experiments can’t
con: don’t no direct cause and effect
8
Q
individuals person assessments of their overall happiness or life satisfaction. What is this?
A
subjective well-being
9
Q
what are the 6 unimportant factors of well being?
A
- money
- gender
- parenthood
- Intelligence
- Age
- attractiveness
10
Q
what are the 5 somewhat important factors of well being?
A
- culture
- leisure
- religion
- health
- social relations
11
Q
what are the 3 important factors of well being?
A
- love
- work
- genetics/ personality
12
Q
state 4 facts about subjective well being.
A
- subjective feelings over objective realities
- everything is relative in happiness
- people are bad a predicting what will make them happy
- People often adapt to their circumstances
13
Q
what is it called when one predicts one future emotional reactions?
A
affective forecasting
14
Q
what is it called when you changed neutral point based on pleasant and unpleasant experiences?
A
hedonic adaptation
15
Q
name 4 ways to improve academic performance.
A
- develop good study habits
- improve your reading
- get more out of lectures
- apply memory principles
16
Q
name 3 ways to develop sound study habits.
A
- create a schedule
- study somewhere where you can concentrate
- reward your studying
17
Q
name 6 ways to Improve your reading.
A
- don’t over highlight
- find meaning
- read section by section
- identify key ideas
- review key ideas after each section
- use chapter outlines
18
Q
name 6 ways to get more out of lecures.
A
- Attendance
- active listening
- write notes in your own words
- ask questions
- figure out what the teacher finds important
- read chapters ahead of time
19
Q
name 2 ways to apply memory principles.
A
- overlearn material
2. test yourself
20
Q
name 4 tips for applying memory principles.
A
- don’t cram
- use mnemonic devices (loci, acrostics, acronyms)
- organize information
- depth> frequency
21
Q
what is any situation that threatens or is believed to harm one’s well-being, putting one’s coping abilities to the test?
A
stress
22
Q
what it called when stress adds up?
A
cumulative stress
23
Q
name the 5 main causes of stress/
A
- money
- family
- health
- the economy
- work
24
Q
what 2 questions do we ask during primary appraisal of a stimulus event?
A
- Is the event irrelevant or harmless to you? = no stress
2. Is the event relevant or harmful to you? = 2 options
25
what 2 questions do we ask during secondary appraisal of a stimulus event?
1. are there Inadequate coping resources? = stress
| 2. are there Adequate coping resources? = no stress
26
what is the idea that stress is an opportunity for growth?
stress-is-enhancing
27
what is the idea that stress is harmful?
stress-is-debilitating
28
true or false. stress may be embedded in the environment.
TRUE
29
what is the type of stress that is long lasting environmental conditions?
ambient stress
| traffic, pollution
30
what is crowding?
association between high density and psychological stress.
31
what is a factor that goes hand in hand with ambient stress?
poverty
32
name 3 aspects of culture in relation to stress.
1. Culture sets the context in which people experience and appraise stress (collectivists cultures)
2. Racial discrimination affects mental health and well-being
3. acculturation
33
what is it called when you are changing to adapt to a new culture?
acculturation
34
name the 3 type of stressors.
1. acute (short, endpoint)
2. chronic (long, no visible end point)
3. anticipatory
35
name the 4 places stressors come from.
1. frustration
2. internal conflict
3. change
4. pressure
36
what happens when the pursuit of a goal is prevented?
frustration
37
name the 3 types of internal conflicts.
1. approach-approach (2 good choices)
2. approach-avoidance (1 choice with pros and cons)
3. avoidance-avoidance (2 bad choices)
38
what scale measures change as a form of stress?
the SRRS (social readjustment rating scale)
39
change always bad. true or false?
false
40
what are the 2 types of pressure?
conform and perform
41
what is the emotional stress response?
when people are stress, they react emotionally
42
name 3 negative emotional responses.
1. Anger/annoyance
2. Sadness/grief
3. Anxiety/fear
43
what makes people less stressed?
when theyre able to communicate their feelings
44
what 3 factors effect primary and secondary appraisal of a situation?
1. familiarity
2. controllability
3. predictability
45
what is another phrasing for emotional arousal?
high levels of emotion
46
what is the correlation between test anxiety and performance?
it is negative. as anxiety increases, scores decrease.
47
when does the optimal level of arousal decrease?
when tasks become more complex.
48
what are the 3 levels of stress responses?
1. emotional response
2. physiological response
3. behavioural response
49
with which type of stressors is the flight or flight response ineffective?
chronic and anticipatory
50
what describes the physiological reaction to threat that mobilizes an organism for attacking or fleeing an enemy?
fight-or-flight response
51
what does ANS stand for?
autonomic nervous system
52
can the ANS be controlled?
NO
53
which bodily system conserves bodily resources ?
parasympathetic
54
which bodily system conserves bodily resources for emergencies?
sympathetic
55
what is the general adaptation syndrome?
theory used to capture the general pattern all species exhibit when responding to stress
56
who invented the general adaptation syndrome?
Selye
57
name the 3 phases of the GA syndrome.
1. alert (fight or flight)
2. resistance (coping)
3. exhaustion (illness)
58
Name the 2 body-brain pathways.
1. Catecholamines
| 2. Corticosteroids
59
which bodily system is associated with the catecholamines pathway?
sympathetic
60
what is the name for the formation of new neurons?
neurogenesis
61
can surpassed neurogenesis be a cause to depression?
YES
62
name a type of corticosteroid that is often used as a physiological indicator of stress in humans.
cortisol
63
what type of gland is the pituitary gland?
an endocrine gland
64
what does the endocrine system do?
secrets hormones into blood
65
what is the pituitary gland responsible for?
signalling to other glands to secrete hormones
66
what hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids that increase energy?
ACTH
67
define coping.
effort to tolerate, reduce or master the demands created by stress
68
what are adaptational outcomes?
long-lasting effects of stress
69
name the 3 potential effect of stress.
1. impaired task performance
2. disrupted cognitive functioning
3. burnout
70
what creates distractions or makes you too focused ?
elevated self-consciousness
71
why do people choke under pressure?
they focus on performance instead of the actual task
72
what 2 aspects of attention does stress disrupt?
1. jumping to conclusion
| 2 inability to effectively analyze solutions
73
name the 3 characteristics of burnout.
1. exhaustion
2. cynicism
3. negative self- efficacy
74
name the 4 antecedents of burnout.
1. work overload
2. inadequate recognition
3. lack of support
4. lack of autonomy
75
name the 3 consequences of burnout.
1. physical illness
2. reduced productivity
3. decrease commitment to job
76
what describes enduring psychological disturbances due to experience a major traumatic event
PTSD
77
name 5 psychological problems that can occur from stress.
1. depression
2. anxiety
3. substance abuse
4. insomnia
5. eating disorders
78
name 4 symptoms of PTSD
1. nightmares
2. alienation
3. depression
4. risk of substance abuse
79
what makes it more likely to develop PTSD?
a bigger reaction to the event
80
what is the physical illness partly caused by stress and other psychological factors?
psychosomatic disease
81
name 3 examples of psychosomatic diseases.
1. high blood pressure
2. asthma
3. migrants
82
what shift the field away from negativity?
positive psychology movement
83
name 2 positive factors of stress.
1. posttraumatic growth
| 2. increase in stress tolerance
84
what are the 3 moderating variables that may reduce the impact of stress on physical and mental health?
1. social support
2. hardiness
3. optimism
85
what describes the ability to endure difficult conditions?
hardiness
86
name 2 ways people use hardiness.
1. alter appraisal
| 2. create more active coping
87
which approach changes behaviour through conditioning?
behavioural modification approach
88
what does the BM approach do?
Replace undesirable behavioural patterns with desirable ones
89
name the 5 steps of the BM approach.
1. pinpoint specific behaviour
2. observe beviour prior
3. design plan
4. start
5. reaching specific goal
90
what 3 things must be monitored in the 2nd step of the BM approach?
1. reinforcers
2. antecedents
3. baseline for comparison (number/ amount)
91
what 3 things must be done in the 3rd step of the BM approach?
1. find your reinforcers
2. set up reinforcement contingencies
3. be realistic
92
what 2 factors can help in the 4th step of the BM approach?
- creating a contract
| - be open to changing your plan
psych
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