Long-Term Memory

Question 1

Long-term Memory (LTM)

Answer 1

Thought as an archive of info about past events and knowledge learned
- Storage can be from moments ago to as far back as you can remember
-More recent usually more detail

Question 2

Serial Position Curve (Murdoch)

Answer 2

Memory is better for words presented at the beginning of a heard list and the end. Participants wrote down the words they remembered

Question 3

Primacy Effect

Answer 3

Memory is better for stimuli presented at the beginning
- Occurred because participants had more time to rehearse the earlier items and experienced less interference while encoding

Question 4

Recency Effect

Answer 4

Memory is better for stimuli presented at the end of the list
- Occurs because the stimuli were still active in STM at the point at which memory was being tested
Although introducing a delay would remove this effect

Question 5

Coding

Answer 5

The form in which stimuli is represented

Question 6

Is auditory coding more common in STM or LTM?

Answer 6

STM
- Phonological similarity effect

Question 7

Is semantic coding more common in STM or LTM?

Answer 7

LTM
- Recalling the general plot of a novel you read last week

Question 8

Proactive interference

Answer 8

Occurs when info learned previously interferes with learning new information
- French vocab learned in elementary can iinterefere with Spanish learning in highschool

Question 9

Retroactive interference

Answer 9

Occurs when learning interferes with remembering old learning
- Hard time remembering your old phone number when you have mastered your new one

Question 10

The Wickens Experiment

Answer 10

An example of proactive interference
- The condition where all 4 trials were fruit names, and individuals had a hard time encoding the later trials
- In the other condition where the 1st three trials were jobs and the last was fruit the 1st and 4th trial was better encoded.

Question 11

Neuropsychological approach

Answer 11

Helped understand the involvment of the hippocampus with encoding new long-term memories

Question 12

Double dissociation in STM and LTM

Answer 12

If the STM is impaired then the LTM is ok (K.F)
If the LTM is impaired then the STM is ok (H.M)

Question 13

Episodic Memory

Answer 13

-Memory for personal events
- Involves ‘mental time travel’
-No guarantee accuracy
- Multidimensional in nature: can include sensory details, emotional, and contextual

Question 14

Semantic Memory

Answer 14

• memory for facts and knowledge
• Does not invlove mental time travel
• General knowledge

Question 15

What happens if episodic details are lost?

Answer 15

Semantic details can remain
- Accquiring knowledge may start as episodic but fade to semantic

Question 15

Double dissociation of Episodic and Semantic Memory

Answer 15

-K.C damaged hippocampus; no episodic memory, can relive any events of his past but semantic memory is intact and can remember general info about the past

-LP: impared semantic memory, episodic memory for past events was preserved

Question 16

What can you do to enhance semantic memory?

Answer 16

If you associate it with episodic details

Question 17

Autobiographical Memory*

Answer 17

Memory of specific experiences, includes both episodic and semantic memory

Question 18

Personal Semantic Memory*

Answer 18

Semantic memories that have personal significance

Question 19

What is the Remember/Know Procedure by Petrican and what are the components?

Answer 19

Procedure to measure familiarity and recollection
-Research has shown that longer interval times from original encoding increases forgetting
1. Remember response
2. Know response
3. Don’t know response

Question 20

Remember response

Answer 20

If a stimulus is familiar and the circumstances under which it was encountered can be remembered
(smelling and old perfume bringing back memories)

Question 21

Know response

Answer 21

If the stimulus is familiar, but you can’t remember experiencing it earlier

Question 22

Don’t know response

Answer 22

Don’t remember the stimulus at all

Question 23

What were the results of the Remember/ Know procedure?

Answer 23

It shows the semanticization of remote memories
- Loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago events
-Memories of the most recent events are more likely to include episodic memory than less recent.

Question 24

Implicit/Declarative Memory

Answer 24

Unconcious memory

Question 25

Procedural Memory

Answer 25

Memory for actions - No memory of where it was learned -Perform without concious thought -People who cannot for LTM can still learn new skills (HM could still learn do mirror tracing and get good with practice without ever remembering learning to do so)

Question 26

Priming

Answer 26

Prior exposure to a stimulus that changes a subsequent response

Question 27

Conditioning

Answer 27

Pairing a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response (Pavlov)

Question 28

Expert-Induced Amnesia

Answer 28

Expertise in a skill may be carried out with such a hig degree of AUTOMATICITY that the individual may have little to no recollection of what happened -Ex. Sometimes hockey players will black out and not remember the game

Question 29

Reptition Priming

Answer 29

Prior exposure to a stimulus makes it easier or faster to process that same stimulus again later -You see the word "elephant" on a screen during a memory task. -Later, when asked to complete the word fragment "ele___", you’re more likely to fill in "elephant"—and more quickly—than if you hadn’t seen it before.

Question 30

Incidental Processing

Answer 30

Unintentional or unconscious processing of information - Reading a story for fun, not to memorize it. Later, you’re surprised that you remember many of the details or words from it

Question 31

Explicit memory test

Answer 31

assesses recall memory

Question 32

Word Stem completion

Answer 32

Assesses implicit memory

Question 33

What did the Graf et al. experiment find on implicit and explicit memory?

Answer 33

Found relative impairment for implicit memory in the amnesiac group. Demonstrates that implicit memory can remain intact even when explicit memory has been compromised

Question 34

What were the conclusions from the Perfect and Askew study with magazines?

Answer 34

Participants who had seen an ad in the magazine before generally rated the ad higher. This is related to the mere exposure effect and the propaganda effect

Question 35

Mere exposure effect

Answer 35

We tend to like things we have already been exposed to

Question 36

Proaganda Effect

Answer 36

We tend to rate statements as being true if we've read or heard them before