Longitudinal

Question 1

R1

Answer 1

• 20NM
• Both aircraft climbing

a) In CTA only and between:
i) aircraft with approved SCNS; or
ii) between an aircraft with approved SCNS and an aircraft with DME;

b) Where the following aircraft is climbing to the lower level, both aircraft report reaching their cruising levels; and

c) If the following aircraft reports at the cruising level first, apply another form of separation immediately.

Question 2

T2

Answer 2

• 10 minutes
• Frequent determination of position and speed is possible by:
  a) use of navaids
  b) use of approved SCNS (INS/IRS minimum GS 300kt) within CTA
  c) use of RNAV10/RNP10 or RNP4 within RNP airspace; or
  d) visual reference to the ground by day (or night for VFR aircraft)

Question 3

T4

Answer 3

• 10 minutes
• Mach Number Technique

Use the table to apply Mach number technique between aircraft:

a) on the same track where the aircraft have reported over a common point and 10 min will be maintained until another form of separation is established; or

b) on converging tracks and it is confirmed that 10 min:
i) will exist at the point the aircraft concerned enter lateral conflict; and
ii) will be maintained until another form of separation is established.

Question 4

T5

Answer 4

• 9-5 minutes
• Mach Number Technique

Apply Mach number technique between aircraft where opening speed exists provided that:
a) the required time interval will exist at the common point, observed by:
i) ATS surveillance system; or
ii) passage over the same on-track, positive radio fix; and
b) the leading aircraft is maintaining a greater Mach number than the following aircraft, in accordance with the table.

Question 5

T1a

Answer 5

• 5 minutes

a) The leading aircraft has maintained and will continue to maintain an indicated airspeed at least 30 kt greater than the following aircraft;

b) 5 min separation has been established by passage of both aircraft over:
i) the same positive radio fix; or
ii) the same ATS surveillance system position;

c) One aircraft maintains level while vertical separation does not exist; and

d) Vertical separation at the commencement of the level change does not exceed 4000 FT.

Question 6

R3

Answer 6

• 30NM
• Both aircraft can do any of climb/maintain/descend

a) In CTA only and between:
i) aircraft with approved SCNS;
ii) an aircraft with approved SCNS and an aircraft with DME;

b) Above FL290, when a DME distance is supplied by either aircraft, both aircraft are on the same side of the DME beacon;

c) Both aircraft report reaching their cruising levels;

d) If the following aircraft reports at the cruising level first, take immediate action to ensure separation is maintained; and

e) Separation standards A3 and R3 may be transitioned across the CTA/OCA boundary provided that the conditions for both standards apply prior to transitioning.

Question 7

D1

Answer 7

• 20NM
• DME/GNSS Climb to Cruise

a) Distance information is provided by:
i) DME; or
ii) GNSS in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4
approved aircraft;

b) Where the following aircraft is climbing to the lower cruising level or both aircraft are climbing to levels which are not vertically separated, both aircraft report reaching their cruising levels; and

c) If the following aircraft reports at cruising level first, apply another form of separation immediately.

Question 8

D2

Answer 8

• 20NM
• GNSS/DME Cruise

Distance information is provided by:
a) DME; or
b) GNSS in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft.

Question 9

D3

Answer 9

• 20NM
• GNSS/DME
• Both aircraft descending

Distance information is provided by:
a) DME; or
b) GNSS in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft.

Question 10

D4d

Answer 10

• 15NM DME/GNSS
• Leading aircraft descending through level of climbing aircraft

a) Distance information is provided by:
i) DME; or
ii) GNSS in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft;

b) The leading aircraft is descending through the level of the following aircraft (climbing); and

c) Above FL290, when a DME distance is provided and the aircraft are on opposite sides of the same on-track DME used by both aircraft, increase the standard to 20 NM by DME.

Question 11

T1b

Answer 11

• 5 Minutes
• One aircraft maintains while other changes level.

a) Apply to a:
i) preceding aircraft descending through a following aircraft’s level; or
ii) following aircraft climbing through a preceding aircraft’s level;

b) One aircraft maintains level while vertical separation does not exist;

c) The vertical separation at the commencement of the change does not exceed 4000 FT;

d) No closing speed (IAS or Mach number) exists;

e) Separation has been established by the passage of both aircraft over the same:
i) positive radio fix; or
ii) ATS surveillance system position; and

f) The level change is commenced within 10 min of the time the second aircraft passed over the:
i) positive radio fix; or
ii) ATS surveillance system position.

Question 12

D4a

Answer 12

• 15NM
• One aircraft maintains while other changes level.

a) Distance information is provided by:
i) DME; or
ii) GNSS in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4
approved aircraft;

b) One aircraft maintains level while vertical
separation does not exist; and

c) Above FL290, when a DME distance is
provided, both aircraft must be on the same side of the DME beacon.

Question 13

D4b

Answer 13

• 15NM
• One aircraft maintains while other changes level.

a) Distance information is provided by:
i) DME; or
ii) GNSS in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft; and

b) Aircraft are established on opposite sides of an en route navaid as follows:
i) The non-DME/GNSS aircraft is descending or climbing on the safe side of the navaid at the commencement of the level change while the DME/GNSS aircraft maintains level; and
ii) The DME/GNSS aircraft is at least 15 NM from the navaid.

Question 14

D4c

Answer 14

• 15NM
• One aircraft maintains while other changes level.

a) Distance information is provided by:
i) DME; or
ii) GNSS in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft; and

b) Aircraft are established on opposite sides of an en route navaid as follows:
i) The non-DME/GNSS aircraft maintains level on the safe side of the navaid at the commencement of the level change and the DME/GNSS aircraft is descending or climbing; and
ii) The DME/GNSS aircraft is 15 NM or
more from the navaid.

Question 15

T6a

Answer 15

• 10/15 minutes
• opposite direction climb/descent

During a change of level, vertical separation must exist by the estimated time of passing minus:
a) the time standard (10 or 15 min), as applicable to the route; or
b) 10 min between aircraft equipped with approved SCNS.

Question 16

T6b

Answer 16

• 10/15 minutes
• opposite direction climb/descent

During a change of level, vertical separation must exist until the estimated time of passing plus:
a) the time standard (10 or 15 min), as applicable to the route; or
b) 10 min between aircraft equipped with approved SCNS.

Question 17

D8a

Answer 17

• 10/12 NM definite passing

a) Distance information is provided by:
i) DME; or
ii) GNSS, in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4
approved aircraft with reference to a published waypoint;

b) Do not mix GNSS and DME distances;

c) Use on reciprocal tracks and tracks differing by more than 90 degrees;

d) Reports indicate that the aircraft have passed and the distance is opening; and

e) Increase the standard to 12 NM if DME distances are greater than 180 NM.

Question 18

D8b

Answer 18

• 5NM
• Definite passing

a) Distance information is provided by:
i) DME; or
ii) GNSS, in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft with reference to a published waypoint;

b) Do not mix GNSS and DME distances;

c) Reports indicate that the aircraft have passed and the distance is opening; and

d) If using a DME distance, one aircraft is
within 20 NM of the DME beacon.

Question 19

T7c

Answer 19

• Sight and Pass

a) Both aircraft report sighting and passing
the other by day (and in OCA by night);

b) Both aircraft are above 10 000 FT; and

c) You ensure there is no possibility of incorrect identification by either aircraft.

Question 20

T7a

Answer 20

• Opposite sides of a navaid
• Both aircraft report passing the same positive radio fix (VOR or NDB)

Question 21

T7b

Answer 21

• Opposite sides of a visual fix

a) Both aircraft report passing the same visual fix, by day, or by night if both aircraft are VFR at night; and
b) The visual fix must be a prominent geographic feature within 10 000 FT of the levels of each aircraft.

Question 22

T8a

Answer 22

• 15 minutes
• At the crossing point

a) Each aircraft has either an approved SCNS or MNPS;

b) Ground speeds are a minimum of 300 kt; and

c) Separation exists when there is at least 15 min between estimates at the intersection of the tracks.

Question 23

T8b

Answer 23

• 15 minutes
• From the crossing point

a) Each aircraft has either an approved SCNS or MNPS;

b) Ground speeds are a minimum of 300 kt; and

c) Vertical separation must exist:
i) from 15 min prior to the estimate for B at the intersection; and
ii) until 15 min after A has passed the intersection.

Question 24

R2

Answer 24

• 20NM
• Definite Pass

a) In CTA only and between:
i) aircraft with approved SCNS; or
ii) an aircraft with approved SCNS and an aircraft with DME;

b) Using the same waypoint, reports indicate that the aircraft have passed and the distance between them is opening; and

c) Whenever a DME derived distance is 30 NM or less, you apply a correction for DME slant range error.

Question 25

Apply longitudinal separation between:

Answer 25

Aircraft on the same or reciprocal tracks.

Question 26

Definition of same/reciprocal and crossing tracks?

Answer 26

For separation purposes, reciprocal and same tracks are those tracks that intercept at less than 45 degrees. Crossing tracks are those tracks that intersect at or between 45 degrees and 135 degrees.

Question 27

Methods of determining longitudinal distance separation may include what?

Answer 27

a) voice or CPDLC reports from aircraft; b) the use of system tools to measure the distance between the displayed positions of two or more ADS-C or surveillance position symbols; or c) a comparison of an ADS-C report symbol with the position of another aircraft determined by an alternative form of position fixing, such as surveillance, voice or CPDLC.

Question 28

When should speed control techniques be applied?

Answer 28

When aircraft are at, or expected to reduce to, the minimum separation standard apply speed control techniques to ensure that the separation minimum exists throughout the period of application of the standard.

Question 29

Cross check separation restrictions to?

Answer 29

Ensure the integrity of calculations and to confirm the calculation is consistent with the traffic disposition.

Question 30

You may compute the times required to establish longitudinal time separation using:

Answer 30

a) actual or estimated times at a common point; b) authorised system tools; c) the Appleyard Scale; and d) the time of passing calculation matrix.

Question 31

What are the conditions for applying the Mach Number Technique?

Answer 31

a) only apply between jet aircraft with approved SCNS; b) do not assign a block level clearance; c) use a common point, defined as: i) a geographical point on the aircraft's track over which both aircraft will fly; or ii) a point along the individual track of each aircraft which is equidistant from the geographical point described in 'i)'; and d) base application on the requirement that the last assigned Mach number will be maintained at all times, including during any climbs or descents.

Question 32

Only apply distance-based longitudinal separation standards when:

Answer 32

a) DCPC exist; or b) ATC monitors all distance reports made by the aircraft. Note: The requirement for DCPC is met by the use of CPDLC.

Question 33

Obtain all distance reports with reference to ______________ DME beacon or waypoint

Answer 33

The same.

Question 34

When can a DME beacon be considered to be co-sited with a waypoint or the azimuth navaid?

Answer 34

When the DME site is located within 600m

Question 35

When may you use an off-track waypoint or beacon for same direction distance separation?

Answer 35

When the distance reports from both aircraft are together increasing or decreasing.

Question 36

When applying same direction distance separation to aircraft during a period when different route clearances apply, what should you do?

Answer 36

Track the leading aircraft directly to or from the beacon/waypoint or co-sited navaid being used to obtain the distances.

Question 37

When using a mix of DME and approved SCNS distances, SCNS distance information should be based on what?

Answer 37

The coordinates of an en route tracking navaid that is co-sited with the DME, NOT on the location of the DME site.

Question 38

During the application of same direction distance standards, check the distance between aircraft:

Answer 38

a) at least every 30 min; or b) at sufficient intervals to ensure that the required separation is maintained. Note: Separation checked by an ATS surveillance system satisfies this requirement.

Question 39

When the ATS surveillance system-derived distance between aircraft is less than the sum of the distance required by the procedural separation minimum and the applicable ATS surveillance system separation minimum, what should you do?

Answer 39

Conduct a voice distance check with the aircraft before the first aircraft leaves ATS surveillance system coverage.

Question 40

For distance reports obtained by CPDLC, check to ensure the reports have been sent:

Answer 40

a) from both aircraft at the same time; or b) from the leading aircraft first.

Question 41

Closing speed between aircraft may exist, provided that:

Answer 41

a) separation is in excess of the minimum distance required; b) distance checks are made at intervals not exceeding 15 min; and c) when aircraft are cruising at levels not vertically separated, the closing speed is not greater than 35 kt IAS or Mach 0.06.

Question 42

If aircraft are on diverging or converging route clearances, measurements may be either to or from what?

Answer 42

A common point on the route clearances, or taken from where the abeam position of one aircraft intersects the route of the other.

Question 43

Can you use TACAN distances in place of DME?

Answer 43

You may use TACAN distances for the same purpose as DME provided all tolerances and conditions shown for DME are applied.

Question 44

When may GNSS be used for standards D1 - D4

Answer 44

In CTA only, GNSS distance information may be provided by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft for the application of standards D1 to D4, subject to the following conditions: a) where a mix of GNSS and DME distances is used, do not use distance reports if one aircraft is within 20 NM of the reference point; and b) when GNSS is used by both aircraft, you must apply the standard with reference to published waypoints.

Question 45

You may also apply separation standards D4, D7 and R3 (change of level) between two aircraft if:

Answer 45

a) the aircraft are confirmed to be on opposite sides of an en route navaid and one aircraft's distance is established to be not closer to that navaid than the distance required by the separation minimum; b) the distance determined by an ATS surveillance system, or by the position of one identified aircraft and a distance report from the other, establishes that the distance between the aircraft is not less than the distance required by the procedural separation minimum plus the applicable ATS surveillance system separation minimum; or c) one aircraft's distance is established by approved SCNS/DME and the second aircraft's position is established, by day, with reference to a visual fix, provided that: i) the fix is a prominent geographic feature within 10 000 FT of the aircraft; and ii) the feature is displayed on maps available to ATC.

Question 46

Apply area navigation distance standards between:

Answer 46

Aircraft with approved SCNS or approved SCNS and DME where permitted.

Question 47

Do not apply area navigation standards after pilot advice of:

Answer 47

a) operation of approved SCNS equipment outside prescribed criteria including deterioration or failure; b) operation of an INS/IRS outside the following time limits specified in the operational approval: i) CTA - 5 hrs multiple sensor/3 hrs single sensor; or ii) OCA - 12 hrs multiple sensor/5 hrs single/4.5 hrs MNPS; or c) continuous operation of GNSS equipment in the DR mode for more than one minute or non-RAIM operation for more than five minutes.

Question 48

T3

Answer 48

15 minutes Within all CTA and OCA.

Question 49

R4

Answer 49

- 50NM - Climb, Cruise and Descent on the same track a) Both aircraft have either RNAV10/RNP10 or RNP4 approval and are within RNP airspace; b) Separation is established: i) by reference to the same on-track waypoint, whenever possible ahead of both aircraft; or ii) by use of ADS-C; c) If an aircraft fails to report its position within 3 min, take action to establish communication. If communication is not established within 8 min from the time the report should have been received, apply an alternative form of separation; and d) Obtain distance reports at least every 24 min.

Question 50

R5

Answer 50

- 50NM - Definite Passing a) Reports (including ADS-C reports) indicate that the aircraft have passed and the distance between them is opening; and b) Both aircraft have either RNAV10/RNP10 or RNP4 approval and are within RNP airspace.

Question 51

D8c

Answer 51

10NM definite pass a) Distance information is provided by: i) DME; or ii) GNSS, in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft with reference to a published waypoint; b) Reports by reference to a prominent geographic feature by one aircraft and a DME beacon or published waypoint by the other aircraft indicate that the aircraft have passed by at least 10 NM; c) The non-DME/GNSS-equipped aircraft passes over and within 10 000 FT of the geographic feature; and d) The geographic feature together with its distance from the DME beacon or published waypoint is specified in local instructions.

Question 52

T7d

Answer 52

Surveillance Passing a) Aircraft are on reciprocal tracks; b) Aircraft are observed by an ATS surveillance system to have definitely passed and position symbols are not touching; and c) Not applicable to low-quality ADS-B symbols.