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Lower Extremities Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the origin of obturator internus?

A
  1. Obturator membrane
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2
Q

What is the insertion of obturator internus?

A
  1. Greater trochanter of the femur
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3
Q

What is the function of obturator internus?

A
  1. Lateral rotation of extended thigh at hip

2. Abduction of flexed thigh at hip

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4
Q

What is the origin of superior gemellus?

A
  1. Ischial spine
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5
Q

What is the insertion of superior gemellus?

A
  1. Greater trochanter of femur
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6
Q

What is the function of superior gemellus?

A
  1. Lateral rotation of extended hip at thigh
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7
Q

What is the origin of inferior gemellus?

A
  1. Ischial tuberosity
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8
Q

What is the insertion of inferior gemellus?

A
  1. Greater trochanter of femur
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9
Q

What is the function of inferior gemellus?

A
  1. Lateral rotation of extended hip at thigh
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10
Q

What is the origin of piriformis?

A
  1. Sacral segments 2-4

2. Sacrotuberous ligament

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11
Q

What is the insertion of piriformis?

A
  1. Greater trochanter of femur
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12
Q

What is the function of piriformis?

A
  1. Lateral rotation of extend thigh at hip

2. Abduction of flexed thigh at hip

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13
Q

What is the origin of gluteus minimus?

A
  1. Lateral surface of ilium
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14
Q

What is the insertion of gluteus minimus?

A
  1. Greater trochanter of femur
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15
Q

What is the function of gluteus minimus?

A
  1. Abduction of thigh at hip
  2. MEDIAL ROTATION of thigh at hip
  3. Steadies pelvis on leg when opposite leg is raised
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16
Q

What is the origin of gluteus medius?

A
  1. Lateral surface of ilium
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17
Q

What is the insertion of gluteus medius?

A
  1. Greater trochanter of femur
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18
Q

What is the function of gluteus minimus?

A
  1. Abduction of thigh at hip
  2. MEDIAL ROTATION of thigh at hip
  3. Steadies pelvis on leg when opposite leg is raised
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19
Q

What is the origin of gluteus maximus?

A
  1. Ilium
  2. Sacrum and coccyx
  3. Sacrotuberous ligament
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20
Q

What is the insertion of gluteus minimus?

A
  1. Lateral condyle of tibia

2. Gluteal tuberosity of femur

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21
Q

What is the function of gluteus maximus?

A
  1. Extension of flexed thigh
  2. Lateral rotation of thigh
  3. Abduction of thigh
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22
Q

What is the origin of quadratus femoris?

A
  1. Ischial tuberosity
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23
Q

What is the insertion of quadratus femoris?

A
  1. Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur
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24
Q

What is the function of quadratus femoris?

A
  1. Lateral rotation of hip at thigh
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25
What is the origin of tensor fascia lata?
1. Iliac spine | 2. Iliac crest
26
What is the insertion of tensor fascia lata?
1. Lateral condyle of tibia
27
What is the function of tensor fascia lata?
1. Abduction of thigh at hip 2. MEDIAL ROTATION of thigh at hip 3. Flexion of thigh at hip 4. Extension of knee (assists)
28
All of the muscles of the gluteal region are lateral rotators of the extended thigh at the hip EXCEPT for which three muscles?
1. Gluteus minimus 2. Gluteus medius 3. Tensor fascia lata
29
All of the muscles of the gluteal region are abductors of the flexed thigh at the hip EXCEPT for which three muscles?
1. Superior gemellus 2. Inferior gemellus 3. Quadratus femoris
30
Generally, what supplies the gluteal region?
Superior and inferior gluteal arteries
31
Generally, what innervates the muscles of the gluteal region?
Lumbosacral plexus
32
What are the 9 muscles of the gluteal region?
1. Gluteus maximus 2. Gluteus medius 3. Gluteus minimus 4. Superior gemellus 5. Inferior gemellus 6. Piriformis 7. Quadratus femoris 8. Obturator internus 9. Tensor fascia lata
33
What is the only muscle of the gluteal region that extends the thigh?
Gluteus maximus
34
What is the only muscle of the gluteal region that flexes the thigh?
Tensor fascia lata
35
What are the 5 muscles of the anterior thigh?
1. Sartorius 2. Rectus femoris 3. Vastus intermedius 4. Vastus lateralis 5. Vastus medialis
36
Where do all 4 quadriceps muscles insert?
Patella and tibial tuberosity
37
What innervates all muscles of the anterior thigh?
Femoral nerve
38
The 4 quadriceps muscles all perform what function?
Extension of leg at knee
39
What is the origin of sartorius?
1. Anterior superior iliac spine
40
What is the insertion of sartorius?
1. Tibia
41
What is the function of sartorius?
1. Flexion of thigh 2. Lateral rotation of thigh 3. Flexion of leg
42
What is the origin of rectus femoris?
1. Anterior superior iliac spine | 2. Ilium
43
What is the insertion of rectus femoris?
1. Patella | 2. Tibial tuberosity
44
What is the function of rectus femoris?
1. Flexion of thigh | 2. Extension of leg
45
What is the origin of vastus medialis?
1. Intertrochanteric line | 2. Linea aspera of femur
46
What is the insertion of vastus medialis?
1. Patella | 2. Tibial tuberosity
47
What is the function of all the 3 vastus muscles?
1. Extension of leg
48
What is the origin of vastus lateralis?
1. Greater trochanter of femur | 2. Linea aspera of femur
49
What is the insertion of vastus lateralis?
1. Patella | 2. Tibial tuberosity
50
What is the origin of vastus intermedius?
1. Body of femur
51
What is the insertion of vastus intermedius?
1. Patella | 2. Tibial tuberosity
52
Generally, what artery supplies the muscles of the anterior thigh? Specifically, what artery supplies the quadriceps muscles?
Femoral artery; Lateral circumflex femoral artery
53
What are the 7 muscles of the medial thigh?
1. Iliopsoas (iliacus & psoas major) 2. Pectineus 3. Obturator externus 4. Gracilis 5. Adductor brevis 6. Adductor longus 7. Adductor magnus
54
All muscles of the medial thigh insert somewhere on the ___ except for gracilis.
Femur
55
All medial thigh muscles function as flexors of the thigh except for what three?
1. Obturator externus 2. Adductor longus 3. Hamstring part of adductor magnus
56
What is the only medial thigh muscle that extends the thigh?
Adductor magnus (hamstring part)
57
All medial thigh muscles adduct the thigh except for what three muscles?
1. Adductor magnus 2. Obturator externus 3. Iliopsoas
58
Generally, the muscles of the medial thigh are supplied by which artery?
Medial circumflex femoral artery
59
What is the origin of iliopsoas?
1. Iliac fossa 2. Iliac crest 3. Ala of sacrum 4. Anterior sacroiliac ligaments
60
What is the insertion of iliopsoas?
1. Lesser trochanter of femur
61
What is the function of iliopsoas?
1. Flexion of thigh | 2. Stabilizes hip
62
What is the origin of pectineus?
1. Superior ramus of pubis
63
What is the insertion of pectineus?
1. Pectineal line of femur
64
What is the function of pectineus?
1. Adduction of thigh | 2. Flexion of thigh
65
What is the origin of obturator externus?
1. Obturator foramen | 2. Obturator membrane
66
What is the insertion of obturator externus?
1. Trochnateric fossa of femur
67
What is the function of obturator externus?
1. Lateral rotation of thigh | 2. Stabilizes femur
68
What is the origin of gracilis?
1. Body of pubis | 2. Inferior ramus of pubis
69
What is the insertion of gracilis?
1. Tibia
70
What is the function of gracilis?
1. Adduction of thigh 2. Flexion of thigh 3. Medial rotation of thigh
71
What is the origin of adductor brevis?
1. Body of pubis | 2. Inferior pubic ramus
72
What is the insertion of adductor brevis?
1. Pectineal line of femur | 2. Linea aspera of femur
73
What is the function of adductor brevis?
1. Adduction of thigh | 2. Flexion of thigh (weak)
74
What is the origin of adductor longus?
1. Body of pubis
75
What is the insertion of adductor longus?
1. Linea aspera of femur
76
What is the function of adductor longus?
1. Adduction of thigh
77
What is the origin of adductor magnus (adductor part)?
1. Inferior pubic ramus | 2. Ramus of ischium
78
What is the insertion of adductor magnus(adductor part?
1. Gluteal tuberosity | 2. Linea aspera of femur
79
What is the function of adductor magnus (adductor part)?
1. Adduction of thigh | 2. Flexion of thigh
80
What is the origin of adductor magnus (hamstring part)?
1. Ischial tuberosity
81
What is the insertion of adductor magnus (hamstring part)?
1. Adductor tubercle of femur
82
What is the function of adductor magnus (hamstring portion)?
1. Extension of thigh
83
What are the three muscles of the posterior thigh?
1. Semitendinosus 2. Semimembranosus 3. Biceps femoris
84
What is the origin of all muscles of the posterior thigh except for the short head of the biceps?
Ischial tuberosity
85
What two functions are performed by all muscles of the posterior thigh?
Leg flexion, hip extension
86
What is the origin of semitendinosus?
Ischial tuberosity
87
What is the insertion of semitendinosus?
Medial surface of tibia
88
What is the function of semitendinosus and semimembranosus?
Leg flexion, hip extension
89
What is the origin of biceps femoris?
Long head: ischial tuberosity | Short head: lateral supracondylar line of femur, linea aspera
90
What is the insertion of biceps femoris?
Head of fbibula
91
What is the function of biceps femoris?
Leg flexion, hip extension, lateral rotation of leg
92
Generally, what innervates the muscles of the posterior thigh?
Sciatic nerve (tibial division), except for short head of biceps (sciatic nerve - common fibular division)
93
Generally, what supplies the muscles of the posterior thigh?
Medial circumflex artery, branch of deep femoral artery
94
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle (superior, medial, lateral, floor)?
Superior - inguinal ligament Lateral - sartorius Medial - adductor longus (medial edge) Floor - iliopsoas, pectineus, adductor longus
95
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
Terminal part of femoral nerve Femoral artery Femoral vein Deep inguinal lymph nodes (NAVL)
96
What are the 6 movements of the thigh?
1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Adduction 4. Abduction 5. Lateral rotation 6. Medial rotation
97
There are 9 hip flexors - what are they?
1. Iliopsoas 2. Sartorius 3. Tensor fascia lata 4. Rectus femoris 5. Pectineus 6. Adductor longus 7. Adductor brevis 8. Adductor magnus (anterior part) 9. Gracilis
98
There are 5 hip extensors - what are they?
1-3. Hamstrings - semitendinosus, semimembranosus, long head of biceps femoris 4. Adductor magnus (posterior hamstring part) 5. Gluteus maximus
99
There are 7 lateral rotators of the hip - what are they?
1. Obturator externus 2. Obturator internus 3. Superior gemellus 4. Inferior gemellus 5. Piriformis 6. Quadratus femoris 7. Gluteus maximus
100
There are 3 medial rotators of the hip - what are they?
1. Gluteus medius 2. Gluteus minimus 3. Tensor fascia lata
101
There are 3 abductors of the hip - what are they?
1. Gluteus medius 2. Gluteus minimus 3. Tensor fascia lata
102
There are 6 adductors of the hip - what are they?
1. Adductor longus 2. Adductor brevis 3. Adductor magnus 4. Gracilis 5. Pectineus 6. Obturator externus
103
What are the 4 muscles of the anterior leg?
1. Tibialis anterior 2. Extensor digitorum longus 3. Extensory hallucis longus 4. Fibularis tertius
104
What is the common origin of all four muscles of the anterior leg?
Interosseous membrane
105
What innervates all four muscles of the anterior leg?
Deep peroneal nerve
106
What is the origin of tibialis anterior?
1. Lateral condyle of tibia 2. Lateral tibia 3. Interosseous membrane
107
What is the origin of extensor digitorum longus?
1. Lateral condyle of tibia 2. Fibula 3. Interosseous membrane
108
What is the origin of extensor hallucis longus?
1. Fibula | 2. Interosseous membrane
109
What is the origin of fibularis tertius?
1. Fibula | 2. Interosseous membrane
110
What is the insertion of tibialis anterior?
1. Medial cuneiform | 2. First metatarsal
111
What is the insertion of extensor digitorum longus?
Lateral four digits
112
What is the insertion of extensor hallucis longus
Big toe
113
What is the insertion of fibularis tertius?
5th metatarsal
114
What are the 2 muscles of the lateral leg?
1. Fibularis brevis | 2. Fibularis longus
115
What is the origin of both fibularis brevis and longus?
Fibula
116
What is the insertion of fibularis brevis?
5th metatarsal
117
What is the insertion of fibularis longus?
1st metatarsal; medial cuneiform
118
What innervates the muscles of the lateral leg?
Superficial peroneal nerve
119
What are the three muscles of the posterior leg (superficial)?
1. Gastrocnemius 2. Soleus 3. Plantaris
120
What is the origin of gastrocnemius?
Lateral head - lateral condyle femur | Medial head - surface above medial condyle of femur
121
What is the origin of soleus?
1. Head of fibula 2. Posterior surface of fibula 3. Soleal line of tibia
122
What is the origin of plantaris?
1. Lateral supracondylar line of femur | 2. Oblique popliteal ligament
123
What is the common insertion of the muscles of the posterior leg (superficial)?
Calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
124
What innervates the muscles of the posterior leg (superficial and deep)?
Tibial nerve
125
What are the 4 muscles of the posterior leg (deep)?
1. Popliteus 2. Tibialis posterior 3. Flexor digitorum longus 4. Flexor hallucis longus
126
What is the origin of popliteus?
1. Lateral condyle of femur | 2. Lateral meniscus
127
What is the origin of tibialis posterior?
1. Posterior tibia 2. Interosseous membrane 3. Posterior fibula
128
What is the origin of flexor digitorum longus?
1. Posterior tibia
129
What is the origin of flexor hallucis longus?
1. Posterior fibula | 2. Interosseous membrane
130
What is the insertion of popliteus?
1. Posterior tibia
131
What is the insertion of tibialis posterior?
1. Tuberosity of navicular 2. Cuneiforms 3. Cuboid 4. 2nd-4th metatarsals
132
What is the insertion of flexor digitorum longus?
1. Lateral four digits
133
What is the insertion of flexor hallucis longus?
1. Big toe
134
What are the four movements of the leg (at the knee)?
1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Lateral rotation 4. Medial rotation
135
What are the 8 flexors of the leg at the knee?
1. Semimembranosus 2. Semitendinosus 3. Biceps femoris 4. Sartorius 5. Gracilis 6. Popliteus 7. Gastrocnemius 8. Plantaris
136
What are the 2 extensors of the leg at the knee?
1. Quadriceps femoris | 2. Tensor fascia lata
137
What are the 5 medial rotators of the leg at the knee?
1. Popliteus 2. Semimembranosus 3. Semitendinosus 4. Sartorius 5. Gracilis
138
What is the only lateral rotator of the leg at the knee?
1. Biceps femoris
139
What are the four movements of the foot?
1. Dorsiflexion 2. Plantarflexion 3. Inversion 4. Eversion
140
What 2 muscles of the leg perform dorsiflexion?
1. Tibialis anterior | 2. Extensor hallucis longus
141
What 8 muscles of the leg perform plantarflexion?
1. Fibularis brevis (weak) 2. Fibularis longus (weak) 3. Gastrocnemius 4. Soleus 5. Plantaris (weak) 6. Tibialis posterior 7. Flexor digitorum longus 8. Flexor hallucis longus (weak)
142
What 3 muscles of the leg perform inversion?
1. Tibialis anterior 2. Fibularis tertius 3. Tibialis posterior
143
What 2 muscles perform eversion?
1. Fibularis brevis | 2. Fibularis longus
144
What muscles raises the heel during walking?
Gastrocnemius
145
What muscle unlocks the knee by rotating the femur?
Popliteus
146
What muscle supports the longitudinal arches?
Flexor digitorum longus
147
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
1. Biceps femoris 2. Semimembranosus 3. Gastrocnemius (both heads)
148
What are the 6 contents of the popliteal fossa (3 nerves, 2 arteries, 1 vein)?
1. Tibial nerve 2. Common fibular nerve 3. Articular branch of obturator nerve 4. Popliteal vein 5. Popliteal artery 6. Genicular arteries
149
What are the three muscles of the first layer of the plantar surface of the foot?
1. Abductor hallucis 2. Flexor digitorum brevis 3. Abductor digiti minimi AFA
150
What is the origin of abductor hallucis?
1. Calcaneus 2. Flexor retinaculum 3. Plantar aponeurosis
151
What is the origin of flexor digitorum brevis and abductor digiti minimi?
1. Calcaneus 2. Plantar aponeurosis 3. Intermuscular septum
152
What is the insertion of abductor hallucis?
1. Proximal phalanx of big toe
153
What is the insertion of flexor digitorum brevis?
1. Middle phalanges of digits 2-5
154
What is the insertion of abductor digiti minimi?
1. Proximal phalanx of 5th digit
155
What makes up the second layer of the plantar surface of the foot?
1. Quadratus plantae 2. Lumbricals (4) 3. Tendon of flexor digitorum longus 4. Tendon of flexor hallucis longus 2M (QL) + 2T
156
What is the origin of quadratus plantae?
1. Calcaneus
157
What is the origin of the lumbricals?
1. Tendons of flexor digitorum longus
158
What is the insertion of quadratus plantae?
1. Flexor digitorum longus tendon
159
What is the insertion of the lumbricals?
1. Dorsal digital expansions of lateral 4 digits
160
What are the three muscles of the third layer of the plantar surface of the foot?
1. Flexor hallucis brevis 2. Adductor hallucis 3. Flexor digiti minimi brevis FAF
161
What is the origin of flexor hallucis brevis?
1. Cuboid | 2. Cuneiform
162
What is the origin of adductor hallucis?
Oblique head - 2nd-4th metatarsals | Transverse head - ligaments of MTP joints of digits 3-5
163
What is the origin of flexor digiti minimi brevis?
1. 5th metatarsal
164
What is the insertion of flexor hallucis brevis and adductor hallucis?
Proximal phalanx of big toe
165
What is the insertion of flexor digiti minimi brevis?
1. Proximal phalanx of 5th digit
166
What makes up the fourth layer of the plantar surface of the foot?
1. Plantar interossei 2. Dorsal interossei 3. Tendon of fibularis longus 4. Tendon of tibialis posterior 2M + 2T
167
What is the origin of plantar interossei?
1. 3rd-5th metatarsals
168
What is the origin of dorsal interossei?
1. 1st-5th metatarsals
169
What is the insertion of plantar interossei?
1. Proximal phalanges of 3rd-5th digits
170
What is the insertion of dorsal interossei?
1st - proximal phalanx of 2nd digit | 2nd-4th - lateral sides of digits 2-4
171
What 1 muscle abduct the big toe?
1. Abductor hallucis
172
What 3 muscles flex the big toe (only)?
1. Abductor hallucis 2. Flexor hallucis brevis 3. Flexor hallucis longis
173
What 2 muscles flex digits 2-5 (only)?
1. Flexor digitorum brevis | 2. Flexor digitorum longus
174
What 1 muscle abducts the fifth digit (only)?
1. Abductor digiti minimi
175
What 2 muscles flexes the 5th digit (only)?
1. Abductor digiti minimi | 2. Flexor digiti minimi brevis
176
What does the quadratus plantae do?
1. Flexion of toes (assists) | 2. Corrects for oblique pull of flexor digitorum longus tendon
177
What do the lumbricals do?
1. Flexion of proximal phalanges at MTP joint | 2. Extension of phalanges at PIP and DIP joints
178
What does adductor hallucis do?
1. Adducts the big toe | 2. Maintains the transverse arch
179
What do the interossei do?
Plantar interossei - adduction of digits 2-4 Dorsal interossei - abduction of digits 2-4 Both - flexion of MTP joints, extension of phalanges
180
What muscles extend the big toe?
1. Extensor hallucis longus | 2. Extensor hallucis brevis
181
What muscles extend digits 2-4?
1. Extensor digitorum brevis | 2. Extensor digitorum longus
182
What 2 muscles are found on the dorsum of the foot?
1. Extensor hallucis brevis | 2. Extensor digitorum brevis
183
What is the origin of extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis?
1. Calcaneus
184
What is the insertion of extensor hallucis brevis?
1. Proximal phalanx of big toe
185
What is the insertion of extensor digitorum brevis?
1. Proximal phalanges 2-4
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