Lower respiratory

Question 1

Mediastinum

Answer 1

• Area in the chest between the lungs that contains the heart, trachea and oesophagus
• Heart is in the middle of the medistinum

Question 2

T4/T5 importance

Answer 2

• Sternal angle (angle of Louis)
• Tracheal bifurcation (carina)
• Azygous vein enters the superior vena cava (thoracic duct)

Question 3

Hila

Answer 3

• Covered by mediastinal pleura
• Site of entry/exit of vessels
• Cardiac impression
• Pulmonary ligament- inferior extension of hila allowing mobility

Question 4

R lung hila

Answer 4

• Superior vena cava
• R atrium
• Beneath azygous vein

Question 5

L Root

Answer 5

• under aortic arch, anterior to descending thoracic aorta

Question 6

Rules of 2’s

Answer 6

2- sternal angle
4- horizontal fissure on right lung
6- oblique fissure
8- lower border of anterior lung
10- mid-axillary border of the lungs
12- pleural reaches further down than the lungs

Question 7

Bronchopulmonary segments

Answer 7

• 3 lobes (R)
• 2 lobes (L)
• 8-10 segments on Right
• 8 segments on Left

Importance= discrete and its own functional unit (own blood supply and tertiary bronchus supply)
- surgery

Question 8

Histology of Trachea

Answer 8

• Mucosa (pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells)
• Submucosa
• Fibrocartilage
• Adventitia- bind Trachea to adjacent structures

Question 9

Parts of Pleural cavity

Answer 9

• Cervical
• Costal
• Diaphragmatic
• Mediastinal
• Pulmonary ligament

Question 10

Innervation of Parietal

Answer 10

• Intercostal nerves and phrenic for Diaphragmatic and mediatinal
• pain, pressure, temp

Question 11

Innervation of Visceral

Answer 11

Vagus and sympathetic fibres- sensitive to distention

Question 12

Innervation of Diaphragm

Answer 12

Phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)

Question 13

Intercostal muscle innervation

Answer 13

intercostal nerves

Question 14

External intercostal muscles

Answer 14

Hands in pockets

Question 15

Internal Intercostal muscles

Answer 15

Hands on shoulders